PROFIL DEMOGRAFI DAN EFIKASI DIRI PADA PENDERITA DM TIPE II
Abstract
Diabetes Melitus Tipe II (DMT2) merupakan masalah kesehatan global dengan prevalensi yang terus meningkat, mencapai 171 juta penderita pada 2021 dan diperkirakan menjadi 366 juta pada 2030. Komplikasi serius dari penyakit ini dapat menyebabkan angka kematian yang tinggi, sehingga pengelolaan mandiri menjadi krusial. Profil demografi seperti usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, pekerjaan, serta pendapatan memainkan peran dalam efikasi diri, yang berdampak pada keberhasilan pengelolaan penyakit. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji perbedaan antara profil demografi dengan efikasi diri pada penderita DMT2. Desain deskriptif komparasi dan cross-sectional diterapkan pada 60 sampel di salah satu puskesmas, Minahasa Utara yang diseleksi menggunakan teknik convenience sampling. The Diabetes Mellitus Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES) digunakan untuk mengukur efikasi diri sedangkan profil demografi diukur dengan checklist. Uji Independent T-Test, One-way ANOVA dan Pearson Correlation digunakan sebagai uji bivariat. Mayoritas responden memiliki efikasi diri yang baik (83,3%), namun tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang signifikan antara profil demografi (usia, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, pekerjaan, dan pendapatan) dengan efikasi diri pada penderita DMT2 (p>0,05). Meskipun tidak ada perbedaan signifikan dalam aspek demografi penderita DMT2, hampir semua responden menunjukkan efikasi diri yang baik, mencerminkan kesadaran dan manajemen aktif dalam pengelolaan penyakit mereka
Type II Diabetes (T2D) represents a burgeoning global health concern, with its prevalence escalating from 171 million cases in 2021 to a projected 366 million by 2030. The potentially lethal complications associated with this disease underscore the critical importance of effective self-management strategies. Demographic factor including age, gender, educational attainment, occupation, and income, play pivotal roles in shaping patients' self-efficacy, which in turn significantly influences disease management outcomes. This study aims to explore the potential disparities in self-efficacy among T2D patients across various demographic profiles. A descriptive comparative and cross-sectional design was employed, involving a sample of 60 participants from a community health center in North Minahasa, selected through convenience sampling. The Diabetes Mellitus Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES) was utilized to assess self-efficacy, while demographic profiles were measured using a checklist. Independent T-Test, One-way ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation were applied as bivariate tests. The majority of respondents demonstrated good self-efficacy (83.3%); however, no significant differences were found between demographic profiles (age, gender, education, occupation, and income) and self-efficacy in individuals with T2D (p > 0.05). While no significant demographic differences were observed among T2D patients, nearly all respondents exhibited good self-efficacy, reflecting an active awareness and management of their condition.
References
2. Alamsah, M. S. (2023). Relation between self efficacy and quality of life in type ii diabetes mellitus patient in Sukabumi district. Jurnal Eduhealth, 14(2), 894–901. https://doi.org/http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt
3. Apriliany, F., Cholisah, E., Zainal, Z. A., & Umboro, R. O. (2024). Analysis of clinical outcomes based on demographic characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Jurnal of Management and Pharmacy Practice, 14(2), 93–100. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmpf.83586
4. Bandura, A., Freeman, W. ., & Lightsey, R. (1999). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 13(2), 158–166. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158
5. Chong, K. M., Chen, J. W., Lien, W. C., Yang, M. F., Wang, H. C., Liu, S. S. H., Chen, Y. P., Chi, C. Y., Wu, M. C. H., Wu, C. Y., Liao, E. C. W., Huang, E. P. C., He, H. C., Yang, H. W., Huang, C. H., & Ko, P. C. I. (2021). Attitude and behavior toward bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation during COVID-19 outbreak. PLoS ONE, 16(6), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0252841
6. de Sousa, M. C., Malaquias, B. S. S., Chavaglia, S. R. R., Ohl, R. I. B., de Paula, F. F. S., da Silva, K. S., & da Silva Santos, Á. (2020). Self-efficacy in elderly with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 73(Suppl 3), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0980
7. Fajriani, M., & Muflihatin, S. K. (2021). Hubungan efikasi diri dengan manajemen diri pada penderita DM tipe II di wilayah kerja puskesmas palaran Kota Samarinda. Borneo Student Research, 2(2), 994–1001. https://doi.org/https://journals.umkt.ac.id/index.php/bsr/article/view/1586/792
8. Firmansyah, D., & Dede. (2022). Teknik pengambilan sampel umum dalam metodologi penelitian: Literature review. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Holistik (JIPH), 1(2), 85–114. https://doi.org/10.55927/jiph.v1i2.937
9. GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators. (2023). Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050 : A systematic analysis for the global burden of sisease study 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01301-6
10. Gonzalez-Zacarias, A. A., Mavarez-Martinez, A., Arias-Morales, C. E., Stoicea, N., & Rogers, B. (2023). Impact of socioeconomic status on diabetes self-efficacy and glycemic control in Mexican adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 46(3), 567–575. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-1234
11. Handayani, N. K. D. T., Putra, P. W. K., & Laksmi, I. A. A. (2019). Efikasi diri berhubungan dengan kepatuhan manajemen diri pada pasien diabetes melitus di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Buleleng III. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Kesehatan, 7(1), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.32668/jitek.v7i1.194
12. International Diabetes Federation. (2019). IDF diabetes atlas ninth edition.
13. International Diabetes Federation. (2021). Diabetes around the world in 2021 10th edition. https://diabetesatlas.org/
14. Lawolo, S. P., Manalu, P. C., Sitopu, R. F., & Ardila, D. (2023). The effect of four pillars of education on self-efficacy in type 2 diabetes melitus patients at Royal Prima Hospital Medan. Malahayati Health Student Journal, 3(6), 1657–1669. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33024/mahesa.v3i6.10488
15. Maulidah, N., Supriyadi, R., Utami, D. Y., & Hasan, F. N. (2021). Prediksi penyakit diabetes melitus menggunakan metode support vector machine dan naive bayes. Indonesian Journal on Software Engineering (IJSE), 7(1), 63–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31294/ijse.v7i1.10279
16. Mukhopadhyay, P., Biswas, A., & Biswas, G. (2023). Diabetes self-efficacy and its relationship with self-care and glycaemic control among elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. National Journal of Community Medicine, 14(12), 793–799. https://doi.org/10.55489/njcm.141220233338
17. Munir, N. W., Munir, N. F., & Syahrul, S. (2019). Self-Efficacy dan kualitas hidup pasien diabetes melitus yipe 2. Jurnal Penelitian Kesehatan Suara Forikes, 11(2), 146. https://doi.org/10.33846/sf11208
18. Munir, N. W., & Solissa, M. D. (2021). Hubungan self-efficacy dengan self care pada pasien diabetes melitus di Puskesmas Tamamaung Kota Makasar. Jurnal Keperawatan Widya Gantari Indonesia, 5(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.52020/jkwgi.v5i1.1972
19. Ngurah, I. G. K. G., & Sukmayanti, M. (2020). Efikasi diri pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2. Keperawatan Politeknik Kesehatan Denpasar, 21, 1–11.
20. Ogurtsova, K., Rocha, J. D., Huang, Y., Linnenkamp, U., Guariguata, L., Cho, N. H., Cavan, D., Shaw, J. E., & Makaroff, L. E. (2017). IDF diabetes atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 128, 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2017.03.024
21. Ojewale, L. Y., Okoye, E. A., & Ani, O. B. (2021). Diabetes self-efficacy and associated factors among people living with diabetes in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria. European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 3(6), 105–110. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.6.1129
22. Okafor, C. N., Onyenekwe, C. C., Okonkwo, U. P., Umunnah, J. O., Okoro, C. C., Mbanuzuru, A. V., Agunwah, U. E., Odira, C. C., Makata, E. N., & Nwankwo, C. M. (2023). Effect of educational intervention program on self-efficacy of individuals with type 2 diabetes. Nutrition and Metabolic Insights, 16(Juni), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786388231181965
23. Oluma, A., Abadiga, M., Mosisa, G., Fekadu, G., & Turi, E. (2020). Perceived self-efficacy and associated factors among adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at public hospitals of Western Ethiopia, 2020. Journal of Preference and Adherence, 24(14), 1689–1698. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S275887
24. Paulsamy, P., Ashraf, R., Alshahrani, S. H., Periannan, K., Prabahar, K., Arumugam, T., Venkatesan, K., & Chidambaram, K. (2021). Social support, self-care behaviour and self-efficacy in patients with type 2 diabetes during the covid-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study. Healthcare, 9(1607), 1–10. https://doi.org/Healthcare 2021, 9, 1607. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111607 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/healthcare
25. Powers, M. A., Bardsley, J. K., Harms, D., Isaacs, D., Maryniuk, M. D., Norton, A., Rinker, J., Siminerio, L. M., & Uelmen, S. (2020). Diabetes self-management education and support in adults with type 2 diabetes a consensus report of the American Diabetes Association, the Association of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Acade. The Diabetes Educator, 46(4), 350–369. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721720930959
26. Pramudaningsih, I. N., & Nur, H. A. (2023). Self efficacy and self management of type II diabetes mellitus patient self efficacy dan self management pasien diabetes melitus tipe II. Menara Journal of Health Science, 2(4), 734–744. https://doi.org/https://jurnal.iakmikudus.org/index.php/mjhs
27. Pranata, S., Wu, S. F. V., Wang, T. J. T., Liang, S. Y., Chuang, Y. H., Lu, K. C., & Bistara, D. N. (2023). Effectiveness of tailored care intervention program on biochemical outcomes of patients with diabetes in Indonesia: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Client-Centered Nursing Care, 9(2), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.32598/JCCNC.9.2.428.1
28. Qin, W., Blanchette, J. E., & Yoon, M. (2020). Self-efficacy and diabetes self-management in middle-aged and older adults in the United States: A systematic review. Diabetes Spectrum, 33(4), 315–323. https://doi.org/10.2337/ds19-0051
29. Roshan, A. G., Hosseinkhani, S. N., & Norouzadeh, R. (2023). Health literacy and self-efficacy of the elderly with diabetes. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, 22(1), 611–617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-023-01181-w
30. Rustveld, L. (2023). Diabetes self-management and gender disparities. Baylor Collage of Medicine. https://blogs.bcm.edu/2023/08/18/diabetes-self-management-and-gender-disparities/
31. Saeedi, P., Petersohn, I., Salpea, P., Malanda, B., Karuranga, S., Unwin, N., Colagiuri, S., Guariguata, L., Motala, A. A., Ogurtsova, K., Shaw, J. E., & Bright, D. (2019). Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045 : Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas , 9 th edition. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 157(107843), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107843
32. Tseng, H.-H. K., Nkimbeng, M., & Han, H.-R. (2022). Gender differences in psychosocial characteristics and diabetes management among inner-city African Americans. Nursing Open, 19(124), 2425–2433. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1259
33. Van de Velde, D., De Zutter, F., Satink, T., Costa, U., Janquart, S., Senn, D., & De Vriendt, P. (2019). Delineating the concept of self-management in chronic conditions: A concept analysis. BMJ Open, 9(7), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027775
34. Xie, Z., Liu, K., Or, C., Chen, J., Yan, M., & Wang, H. (2020). An examination of the socio-demographic correlates of patient adherence to self- management behaviors and the mediating roles of health attitudes and self-efficacy among patients with coexisting type 2 diabetes and hypertension. BMC Public Health, 20(1227), 1–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09274-4
