The Role of Ethnocentrism and Animosity on Willingness to Buy Chinese Products; Does Foreign Product Judgement Mediate the Relation?
Abstract
Due to long-standing anti-Chinese sentiments and prior research highlighting Indonesia's high ethnocentrism, this study aims to delve deeper and explore whether Indonesian Consumer Ethnocentrism and Animosity impact their willingness to purchase Chinese products, with foreign product judgment serving as an intervening variable. This study focuses on Chinese products and involves Indonesian consumers in the Jabodetabek region familiar with purchasing goods made in China. The research employed a non-probability judgment sampling technique and used an electronic questionnaire to collect responses from 150 participants. Utilizing the Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method with SmartPLS software. The findings indicate that Indonesian Consumer Ethnocentrism and Consumer Animosity did not negatively affect the willingness to buy Chinese products. Additionally, no mediating effect was observed through Foreign Product Judgment in these relationships. However, the research revealed Indonesian Consumer Ethnocentrism's significant and positive influence on Indonesian Consumer Animosity. Regarding managerial implications, this study recommends that domestic companies highlight local cultural values, while multinational corporations should consider localizing their products to enhance consumer familiarity.
References
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Ali, B. J. (2021). Impact of consumer animosity, boycott participation, boycott motivation, and product judgment on purchase readiness or aversion of Kurdish consumers in Iraq. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 55(2), 504–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/joca.12350
Andri, R. C., & Wijaya, H. (2023). The influence of digital branding on brand awareness and purchase decisions among MSMES in Palembang: A case study on Zanaia Acrylic. Klabat Journal of Management, 4(2), 112-127.
Baruk, A. I. (2019). The effect of consumers’ ethnocentric attitudes on their willingness for prosumption. Heliyon, 5(7), e02015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02015
Casado-Aranda, L. A., Sánchez-Fernández, J., Ibáñez-Zapata, J. Á., & Liébana-Cabanillas, F. J. (2020). How consumer ethnocentrism modulates neural processing of domestic and foreign products: A neuroimaging study. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.101961
Cheah, I., & Shimul, A. S. (2018). Consumer ethnocentrism, market mavenism and social network analysis. Australasian Marketing Journal, 26(3), 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2018.05.017
Cleveland, M., Laroche, M., Naghavi, P., & Shafia, M. A. (2017). Globalization, culture, consumer dispositions, and consumption: The case of Iran. Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science, 340. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50008-9_93
Cleveland, M., Rojas-Méndez, J. I., Laroche, M., & Papadopoulos, N. (2016). Identity, culture, dispositions and behavior: A cross-national examination of globalization and culture change. Journal of Business Research, 69(3), 1090–1102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.08.025
Cui, G., & Liu, Q. (2001). Executive insights: Emerging market segments in a transitional economy: A study of urban consumers in China. Journal of International Marketing, 9(1), 84–106. https://doi.org/10.1509/jimk.9.1.84.19833
Danilwan, Y., Dirhamsyah, & Pratama, I. (2020). The impact of consumer ethnocentrism, animosity and product judgment on the willingness to buy. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 22(2), 65–81. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2020.22.2.05
Guo, G., & Zhou, X. (2017). Consumer ethnocentrism on product judgment and willingness to buy: A meta-analysis. Social Behavior and Personality, 45(1), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.5548
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective. Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective.
Halim, R. E., & Zulkarnain, E. A. U. (2017). The effect of consumer affinity and country image toward willingness to buy. Journal of Distribution Science, 15(4), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.15722/jds.15.4.201704.15
Hamin, & Elliott, G. (2006). A less-developed country perspective of consumer ethnocentrism and “country of origin” effects: Indonesian evidence. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 18(2), 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1108/13555850610658246
Hashim, N. H., Yahya, W. K., & Asrul, S. A. (2018). Ethnicity, social influence, eco-label and purchase intention of consumers of green home electronic products.
He, J., & Wang, C. L. (2015). Cultural identity and consumer ethnocentrism impacts on preference and purchase of domestic versus import brands: An empirical study in China. Journal of Business Research, 68(6), 1225–1233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.11.017
Humisar, R., Suhud, U., & Purwohedi, U. (2021). Impact of ethnocentrism and other factors on willingness to buy Chinese cars. Journal of Consumer Sciences, 6(1), 62–76. https://doi.org/10.29244/jcs.6.1.62-76
Indonesia and China growing closer? | The ASEAN Post. (2020). Retrieved November 30, 2023, from https://theaseanpost.com/article/indonesia-and-china-growing-closer
Irpan, I., & Ruswanti, E. (2020). Analysis of brand awareness and brand image on brand equity over customer implications to purchase intention at PT. SGMW Motor Indonesia (Wuling, Indonesia). Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic, 4(3), 127–134. https://digilib.esaunggul.ac.id/public/UEU-Journal-20584-11_1609.pdf
Khan, H., Daryanto, A., & Liu, C. (2019). How anticipated regret influences the effect of economic animosity on consumers’ reactions towards a foreign product. International Business Review, 28(2), 405–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2018.12.008
Kiriri, P. N. (2019). Consumer perception: Animosity, ethnocentrism and willingness to buy Chinese products. European Journal of Marketing and Economics, 2(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejme.v2i1.p32-46
Klein, J. G., & Ettensoe, R. (1999). Consumer animosity and consumer ethnocentrism. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 11(4), 5–24. https://doi.org/10.1300/J046v11n04_02
Klein, J. G., Ettenson, R., & Morris, M. D. (1998). The animosity model of foreign product purchase: An empirical test in the People’s Republic of China. Journal of Marketing, 62(1), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299806200108
Lebo, T. C., & Mandagi, D. W. (2023). Integrating service quality, customer satisfaction, and brand gestalt in the context of multi-level marketing (MLM) companies. Jurnal Mantik, 7(1), 100-111.
Leonidou, L. C., Kvasova, O., Christodoulides, P., & Tokar, S. (2019). Personality traits, consumer animosity, and foreign product avoidance: The moderating role of individual cultural characteristics. Journal of Business Research, 27(2), 76–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069031X19834936
Liao, C. H., & Hsieh, I. Y. (2013). Determinants of consumer’s willingness to purchase gray-market smartphones. Journal of Business Ethics, 114(3), 409–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1358-7
Maghfiroh, L., & Iriani, S. S. (2021). Niat beli sepatu merek lokal oleh generasi muda: Pengaruh consumer ethnocentrism, perceived quality, perceived price, dan perceived brand image. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, 9(2), 617. https://doi.org/10.26740/jim.v9n2.p617-633
Mandagi, D. W., Centeno, D. D. & Indrajit. (2021). Brand gestalt scale development and validation: A takeoff from tourism destination branding. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19, 100539.
Nijssen, E. J., & Douglas, S. P. (2011). Consumer world-mindedness and attitudes toward product positioning in advertising: An examination of global versus foreign versus local positioning. Journal of International Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1509/jimk.19.3.113
Park, J. E., & Yoon, S.-J. (2017). Antecedents of consumer animosity and the role of product involvement on purchase intentions. American Journal of Business, 32(1), 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJB-08-2016-0028
Quang, N. N., DinhChien, T., & Long, N. H. (2017). The effects of consumer ethnocentrism and consumer animosity on the willingness to buy with the mediating role of products judgments: Children’s food case. Advances in Economics and Business, 5(8), 466–475. https://doi.org/10.13189/aeb.2017.050805
Rantung, D. I., Mandagi, D. W., Wuryaningrat, N. F., & Lelengboto, A. L. P. (2023). Small Medium Enterprises Brand Gestalt: A Key Driver of Customer Satisfaction and Repurchase Intention. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 8(6), e01463-e01463.
Rondonuwu, B. F., & Mandagi, D. W. (2023). Brand gestalt as a key determinant of tourist satisfaction and loyalty: Empirical study of super-priority destination Likupang. Jurnal Ekonomi, 12(02), 452-464.
Rongkas, C. R., Sulaiman, Y., Jendral, U., & Yani, A. (2019). Leaders, perception, and foreign policy: Suharto and the restoration of diplomatic relationship between Indonesia and China. Jurnal Academia Praja, 2, 1. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/02/27/why-facts-dont-change-our-minds
Rose, M., Rose, G. M., & Shoham, A. (2009). The impact of consumer animosity on attitudes towards foreign goods: A study of Jewish and Arab Israelis. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 26(5), 330–339. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760910976583
Sekaran, & Bougie. (2016). Research methods for business textbook (A skill building approach). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Selli, M., & Kurniawan, H. (2021). Effects of animosity and allocentrism toward consumer ethnocentrism in shaping consumers’ willingness to purchase: A case study on consumers in Greater Jakarta (Jabodetabek area) in purchasing Malaysian products. ASEAN Marketing Journal, 6(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.21002/amj.v6i1.3608
Shimp, T. A., & Sharma, S. (1987). Consumer ethnocentrism: Construction and validation of the CETSCALE. Journal of Marketing Research, 24(3), 280–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378702400304
Souiden, N., Ladhari, R., & Chang, L. (2018). Chinese perception and willingness to buy Taiwanese brands: The role of ethnocentrism and animosity. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 30(4), 816–836. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjml-09-2017-0203
Suhud, U., Tarma, T., Maulida, E., Wibowo, S. F., & Ambarwati, M. (2019). (Un)willingness of Indonesian consumers to purchase Indonesian traditional textile made in China: The role of animosity and ethnocentrism. 34th IBIMA Conference, 4778–4790. https://ibima.org/accepted-paper/unwillingness-of-indonesian-consumers-to-purchase-indonesian-traditional-textile-made-in-china-the-role-of-animosity-and-ethnocentrism/
Sun, Y., Gonzalez-Jimenez, H., & Wang, S. (2021). Examining the relationships between e-WOM, consumer ethnocentrism and brand equity. Journal of Business Research, 130, 564–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.040
Unal, S. (2017). The mediating role of product familiarity in consumer animosity. Journal of Accounting & Marketing, 06(04), 0–11. https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9601.1000257
Walean, R. H., Wullur, L., & Mandagi, D. W. (2023). Constructing a Destination Gestalt Model: Brand Gestalt, Brand Attitude, and Revisit Intention. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 23(1).
Warbung, C. J. E., Wowor, M. C., Walean, R. H., & Mandagi, D. W. (2023). The impact of social media marketing on beauty clinic brand equity: the Case of Zap Manado. International Journal of Professional Business Review: Int. J. Prof. Bus. Rev., 8(4), 8.
Waworuntu, E. C., Mandagi, D. W., & Pangemanan, A. S. (2022). ‘I See It, I Want It, I Buy It’: The Role of Social Media Marketing in Shaping Brand Image and Gen Z’s Intention to Purchase Local Product. Society, 10(2), 351-369.
Zamrudi, Z., Suyadi, I., & Abdillah, Y. (2016). The effect of social commerce construct and brand image on consumer trust and purchase intention. Profit: Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis, 10(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.profit.2016.010.01.1
Zeren, D., Kara, A., & Arango Gil, A. (2020). Consumer ethnocentrism and willingness to buy foreign products in emerging markets: Evidence from Turkey and Colombia. Latin American Business Review, 21(2), 145–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/10978526.2019.1697186
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Akdogan, M. S., Ozgener, S., Kaplan, M., & Coskun, A. (2012). The effects of consumer ethnocentrism and consumer animosity on the re-purchase intent: The moderating role of consumer loyalty. EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal, 2(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5195/emaj.2012.15
Ali, B. J. (2021). Impact of consumer animosity, boycott participation, boycott motivation, and product judgment on purchase readiness or aversion of Kurdish consumers in Iraq. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 55(2), 504–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/joca.12350
Andri, R. C., & Wijaya, H. (2023). The influence of digital branding on brand awareness and purchase decisions among MSMES in Palembang: A case study on Zanaia Acrylic. Klabat Journal of Management, 4(2), 112-127.
Baruk, A. I. (2019). The effect of consumers’ ethnocentric attitudes on their willingness for prosumption. Heliyon, 5(7), e02015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02015
Casado-Aranda, L. A., Sánchez-Fernández, J., Ibáñez-Zapata, J. Á., & Liébana-Cabanillas, F. J. (2020). How consumer ethnocentrism modulates neural processing of domestic and foreign products: A neuroimaging study. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.101961
Cheah, I., & Shimul, A. S. (2018). Consumer ethnocentrism, market mavenism and social network analysis. Australasian Marketing Journal, 26(3), 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2018.05.017
Cleveland, M., Laroche, M., Naghavi, P., & Shafia, M. A. (2017). Globalization, culture, consumer dispositions, and consumption: The case of Iran. Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science, 340. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50008-9_93
Cleveland, M., Rojas-Méndez, J. I., Laroche, M., & Papadopoulos, N. (2016). Identity, culture, dispositions and behavior: A cross-national examination of globalization and culture change. Journal of Business Research, 69(3), 1090–1102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.08.025
Cui, G., & Liu, Q. (2001). Executive insights: Emerging market segments in a transitional economy: A study of urban consumers in China. Journal of International Marketing, 9(1), 84–106. https://doi.org/10.1509/jimk.9.1.84.19833
Danilwan, Y., Dirhamsyah, & Pratama, I. (2020). The impact of consumer ethnocentrism, animosity and product judgment on the willingness to buy. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 22(2), 65–81. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2020.22.2.05
Guo, G., & Zhou, X. (2017). Consumer ethnocentrism on product judgment and willingness to buy: A meta-analysis. Social Behavior and Personality, 45(1), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.5548
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective. Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective.
Halim, R. E., & Zulkarnain, E. A. U. (2017). The effect of consumer affinity and country image toward willingness to buy. Journal of Distribution Science, 15(4), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.15722/jds.15.4.201704.15
Hamin, & Elliott, G. (2006). A less-developed country perspective of consumer ethnocentrism and “country of origin” effects: Indonesian evidence. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 18(2), 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1108/13555850610658246
Hashim, N. H., Yahya, W. K., & Asrul, S. A. (2018). Ethnicity, social influence, eco-label and purchase intention of consumers of green home electronic products.
He, J., & Wang, C. L. (2015). Cultural identity and consumer ethnocentrism impacts on preference and purchase of domestic versus import brands: An empirical study in China. Journal of Business Research, 68(6), 1225–1233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.11.017
Humisar, R., Suhud, U., & Purwohedi, U. (2021). Impact of ethnocentrism and other factors on willingness to buy Chinese cars. Journal of Consumer Sciences, 6(1), 62–76. https://doi.org/10.29244/jcs.6.1.62-76
Indonesia and China growing closer? | The ASEAN Post. (2020). Retrieved November 30, 2023, from https://theaseanpost.com/article/indonesia-and-china-growing-closer
Irpan, I., & Ruswanti, E. (2020). Analysis of brand awareness and brand image on brand equity over customer implications to purchase intention at PT. SGMW Motor Indonesia (Wuling, Indonesia). Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic, 4(3), 127–134. https://digilib.esaunggul.ac.id/public/UEU-Journal-20584-11_1609.pdf
Khan, H., Daryanto, A., & Liu, C. (2019). How anticipated regret influences the effect of economic animosity on consumers’ reactions towards a foreign product. International Business Review, 28(2), 405–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2018.12.008
Kiriri, P. N. (2019). Consumer perception: Animosity, ethnocentrism and willingness to buy Chinese products. European Journal of Marketing and Economics, 2(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejme.v2i1.p32-46
Klein, J. G., & Ettensoe, R. (1999). Consumer animosity and consumer ethnocentrism. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 11(4), 5–24. https://doi.org/10.1300/J046v11n04_02
Klein, J. G., Ettenson, R., & Morris, M. D. (1998). The animosity model of foreign product purchase: An empirical test in the People’s Republic of China. Journal of Marketing, 62(1), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299806200108
Lebo, T. C., & Mandagi, D. W. (2023). Integrating service quality, customer satisfaction, and brand gestalt in the context of multi-level marketing (MLM) companies. Jurnal Mantik, 7(1), 100-111.
Leonidou, L. C., Kvasova, O., Christodoulides, P., & Tokar, S. (2019). Personality traits, consumer animosity, and foreign product avoidance: The moderating role of individual cultural characteristics. Journal of Business Research, 27(2), 76–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069031X19834936
Liao, C. H., & Hsieh, I. Y. (2013). Determinants of consumer’s willingness to purchase gray-market smartphones. Journal of Business Ethics, 114(3), 409–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1358-7
Maghfiroh, L., & Iriani, S. S. (2021). Niat beli sepatu merek lokal oleh generasi muda: Pengaruh consumer ethnocentrism, perceived quality, perceived price, dan perceived brand image. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, 9(2), 617. https://doi.org/10.26740/jim.v9n2.p617-633
Mandagi, D. W., Centeno, D. D. & Indrajit. (2021). Brand gestalt scale development and validation: A takeoff from tourism destination branding. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19, 100539.
Nijssen, E. J., & Douglas, S. P. (2011). Consumer world-mindedness and attitudes toward product positioning in advertising: An examination of global versus foreign versus local positioning. Journal of International Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1509/jimk.19.3.113
Park, J. E., & Yoon, S.-J. (2017). Antecedents of consumer animosity and the role of product involvement on purchase intentions. American Journal of Business, 32(1), 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJB-08-2016-0028
Quang, N. N., DinhChien, T., & Long, N. H. (2017). The effects of consumer ethnocentrism and consumer animosity on the willingness to buy with the mediating role of products judgments: Children’s food case. Advances in Economics and Business, 5(8), 466–475. https://doi.org/10.13189/aeb.2017.050805
Rantung, D. I., Mandagi, D. W., Wuryaningrat, N. F., & Lelengboto, A. L. P. (2023). Small Medium Enterprises Brand Gestalt: A Key Driver of Customer Satisfaction and Repurchase Intention. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 8(6), e01463-e01463.
Rondonuwu, B. F., & Mandagi, D. W. (2023). Brand gestalt as a key determinant of tourist satisfaction and loyalty: Empirical study of super-priority destination Likupang. Jurnal Ekonomi, 12(02), 452-464.
Rongkas, C. R., Sulaiman, Y., Jendral, U., & Yani, A. (2019). Leaders, perception, and foreign policy: Suharto and the restoration of diplomatic relationship between Indonesia and China. Jurnal Academia Praja, 2, 1. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/02/27/why-facts-dont-change-our-minds
Rose, M., Rose, G. M., & Shoham, A. (2009). The impact of consumer animosity on attitudes towards foreign goods: A study of Jewish and Arab Israelis. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 26(5), 330–339. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760910976583
Sekaran, & Bougie. (2016). Research methods for business textbook (A skill building approach). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Selli, M., & Kurniawan, H. (2021). Effects of animosity and allocentrism toward consumer ethnocentrism in shaping consumers’ willingness to purchase: A case study on consumers in Greater Jakarta (Jabodetabek area) in purchasing Malaysian products. ASEAN Marketing Journal, 6(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.21002/amj.v6i1.3608
Shimp, T. A., & Sharma, S. (1987). Consumer ethnocentrism: Construction and validation of the CETSCALE. Journal of Marketing Research, 24(3), 280–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378702400304
Souiden, N., Ladhari, R., & Chang, L. (2018). Chinese perception and willingness to buy Taiwanese brands: The role of ethnocentrism and animosity. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 30(4), 816–836. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjml-09-2017-0203
Suhud, U., Tarma, T., Maulida, E., Wibowo, S. F., & Ambarwati, M. (2019). (Un)willingness of Indonesian consumers to purchase Indonesian traditional textile made in China: The role of animosity and ethnocentrism. 34th IBIMA Conference, 4778–4790. https://ibima.org/accepted-paper/unwillingness-of-indonesian-consumers-to-purchase-indonesian-traditional-textile-made-in-china-the-role-of-animosity-and-ethnocentrism/
Sun, Y., Gonzalez-Jimenez, H., & Wang, S. (2021). Examining the relationships between e-WOM, consumer ethnocentrism and brand equity. Journal of Business Research, 130, 564–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.040
Unal, S. (2017). The mediating role of product familiarity in consumer animosity. Journal of Accounting & Marketing, 06(04), 0–11. https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9601.1000257
Walean, R. H., Wullur, L., & Mandagi, D. W. (2023). Constructing a Destination Gestalt Model: Brand Gestalt, Brand Attitude, and Revisit Intention. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 23(1).
Warbung, C. J. E., Wowor, M. C., Walean, R. H., & Mandagi, D. W. (2023). The impact of social media marketing on beauty clinic brand equity: the Case of Zap Manado. International Journal of Professional Business Review: Int. J. Prof. Bus. Rev., 8(4), 8.
Waworuntu, E. C., Mandagi, D. W., & Pangemanan, A. S. (2022). ‘I See It, I Want It, I Buy It’: The Role of Social Media Marketing in Shaping Brand Image and Gen Z’s Intention to Purchase Local Product. Society, 10(2), 351-369.
Zamrudi, Z., Suyadi, I., & Abdillah, Y. (2016). The effect of social commerce construct and brand image on consumer trust and purchase intention. Profit: Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis, 10(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.profit.2016.010.01.1
Zeren, D., Kara, A., & Arango Gil, A. (2020). Consumer ethnocentrism and willingness to buy foreign products in emerging markets: Evidence from Turkey and Colombia. Latin American Business Review, 21(2), 145–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/10978526.2019.1697186
Published
2024-02-17
How to Cite
WIJAYANTI, Cynthia Anna; ELICIA, Evelyn.
The Role of Ethnocentrism and Animosity on Willingness to Buy Chinese Products; Does Foreign Product Judgement Mediate the Relation?.
Klabat Journal of Management, [S.l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 1-18, feb. 2024.
ISSN 2722-726X.
Available at: <https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/kjm/article/view/1038>. Date accessed: 13 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.60090/kjm.v5i1.1038.1-18.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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