2026-06-09T01:08:15Z https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/oai

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Homosexual Orientation in Marriage: A Reason for Divorce? Chrissutianto, Donny homosexual divorce marriage sexual orientation The number of homosexuals in Seventh Day Adventist Church has increased since 1980. It becomes a problem for the church until it was discussed and decided that this practice may as a reason for divorce. However, there is no hint if the case is homosexual in practice. If there is a problem in a newly couple that just married and in the very day one spouse says that he or she has the homosexual orientation what should be done with this couple. Is this confessing could be used as a reason for divorce? There should be a solution for the couple to handle this problem. The Bible clearly rejected homosexuality practices. To help the couple who has problem with homosexuality orientation in marriage, the principles of Bible and Spirit of prophecy should be utilized. This article attempts to expose these principles and helps to restore the proper sexual orientation that a couple should have in marriage.        Keywords: homosexual; divorce; marriage; sexual orientation Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2020-08-23 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/461 10.31154/ktr.v1i1.461.1-12 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2020): Klabat Theological Review; 1-12 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v1i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/461/457 Copyright (c) 2020 Klabat Theological Review

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The Theological-Eschatological Implications of Name Michael in Jude Javien, Rico Taga Michael devil Moses contending conflict struggle apostasy the great controversy The pastoral epistle of Jude is shrouded with rich theological significance, in spite of its shortness. Theological themes like order of salvation, faith, mission, worship, judgment, great controversy, second coming, and the end of the world, and others are interwoven in the fabric of Jude. It means that Jude starts with protology and ends with climactic and cosmic victorious eschatology, particularly the resurrection of the righteous.             The sudden appearance of Michael, the Archangel heightens the conflict in Jude. Scholars from the different camps admit Jude 9 where Michael appears in contending the devil over the body of Moses, is the most perplexing text in the entire epistle. Jesus Christ eschatological name is: Michael. The name is so significant particularly in the conflict of Moses’ resurrection to glory. Satan by all means struggled to prevent him to be resurrected and taken from his territory, for he claimed Moses belonged to his kingdom because he was a sinner.             In epistle of Jude the great controversy does not end of the temporal life, the physical death but even extended until the day of resurrection. Whenever, Michael is referred to in the Bible, are all in the contexts of intense violence, war, death, hopelessness and resurrection and triumph. Michael is the heavenly warrior who defends victoriously for His people who will end the great controversy in grandest victory, is indeed the highlight of Jude’s eschatology.     Keywords: Michael; devil; Moses; contending; conflict; struggle; apostasy; the great controversy Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2020-08-23 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/462 10.31154/ktr.v1i1.462.13-23 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2020): Klabat Theological Review; 13-23 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v1i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/462/458 Copyright (c) 2020 Klabat Theological Review

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The Significance of tabnith in the Context of Correspondence of Heavenly and Earthly Sanctuary in Exodus 25:9, 40 Abin, Blasius pattern heavenly sanctuary earthly sanctuary The picture of the heavenly sanctuary/temple is that of a model for the construction of the earthly counterpart. This understanding is conveyed mainly by the concept of תַּבְנִ֣ית, “pattern, form, or model” in Exod 25:9, 40 or σκιά, “shadow” in Heb 8:5, or ὑπόδειγμα, “copy” in Heb 9:23, 24. It reveals that the heavenly sanctuary functions as the archetype of the earthly temple. In the context of the book of Exodus, תַּבְנִ֣ית functions as the model of the sanctuary Moses was to build on the earth. Moses was probably shown the heavenly sanctuary and a “model” of what he had to build upon the earth. The תַּבְנִ֣ית thus presupposes an original reality and, at the same time, also suggests an idiomatic correspondence between the heavenly sanctuary and its earthly counterpart. Keywords: pattern; heavenly sanctuary; earthly sanctuary Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2020-08-23 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/463 10.31154/ktr.v1i1.463.24-32 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2020): Klabat Theological Review; 24-32 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v1i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/463/459 Copyright (c) 2020 Klabat Theological Review

oai:ojs2.localhost:article/464 2022-01-20T07:02:57Z ktr:ART

Clapping In Seventh-Day Adventist Worship Wauran, Max H. clapping applaus worship praise Clapping is considered as a media of praise and thanks in Christian worship. Some give space to this practice while other reject it. This article tried to identify the biblical foundation of these ideas, and was carried out through the following phases: formulating the problem, preparing the title, and searching the related supporting materials in the library research and electronic facilities. The research focused on three main aspects: the clapping in the Bible, the Christian and practice of clapping in worship services, and clapping in Seventh-day Adventist Church.  It is found that there is no Bible text and theological evidence which support the practice of clapping in the place of worship, in other words clapping in the church services is unbiblical, and for this reason clapping in Seventh-day Adventists worship services is not necessary. Instead of clapping, the use of amen is suggested in responding the message or musical presentation. Since clapping has become controversial issue in Adventist worship services, the church leaders need to instruct and guide the church members to the right understanding of clapping.   Keywords: clapping; applaus; worship; praise Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2020-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/464 10.31154/ktr.v1i1.464.33-48 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2020): Klabat Theological Review; 33-48 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v1i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/464/460 Copyright (c) 2020 Klabat Theological Review

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Contextualized Tirakat Form to Christian Spiritual Formation among Javanese Harwanto, Budi tirakat discipleship spiritual formation Javanese congregation Tirakat is an important part in Javanese culture. It points to a spiritual path in a sense of a method of a spiritual practice. The ways of tirakat have been an element of the culture for centuries. It is for this situation that evangelizing and nurturing newly non-Christian Javanese converted have been a challenge for Adventist ministry. This research attempts to seek an answer of the church which is expected to find some strategies for nurturing the members from Javanese culture background. The new converts are isolated from their background and stay in a new culture in the church. Consequently, some of the new members cannot survive in the new culture, custom, and rituals. This study addresses the issue of contextualized tirakat form to spiritual formation as a part of discipling new members in the local church. An analysis of both theological-biblical and cultural practice indicates that some elements of the tirakat ritual are strongly correlated with the Christian spiritual formation. The tirakat form can be contextualized in the spiritual formation form to experience spiritual growth.  By giving a new meaning and modified form the believers are able to keep the tirakat ritual based on the Scriptures teaching. An evaluation of tirakat practice found some positive elements which can be continued to the form of Christian formation. However, the negative aspects need functional substitutes or discontinued. Through the worldview transformation the tirakat form as spiritual formation activity will lead the Javanese congregation to have good spiritual growth, strong faith, and ability to involve in the church mission and ministry.   Keywords: tirakat; discipleship; spiritual formation; Javanese congregation Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2020-08-23 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/465 10.31154/ktr.v1i1.465.49-62 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2020): Klabat Theological Review; 49-62 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v1i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/465/463 Copyright (c) 2020 Klabat Theological Review

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The Intelligence of the Spirit in the Old Testament Rumbay, Christar Arstilo Intelligence Old Testament Pneumatology Systematic Thelogy Pneumatology has been the subject of discussion of her activities in the Old Testament.  The personality of the Spirit is one of the controversial discussions where she is simply considered a power or energy of God.  Intelligence, however, is regarded as one of the attributes of a personal being.  This treatise aims to explore the intelligence of the Spirit in the Old Testaments books where the Spirit potentially testifies of wisdom, knowledge, and counsel in the sense of fatherhood, jurisprudence intelligence in political activity, and governmental nature. Keywords: Intelligence; Old Testament; Pneumatology; Systematic Theology   References Adey, Philip, Beno Csapó, Andreas Demetriou, Jarkko Hautamäki, and Michael Shayer. “Can     We be Intelligent about Intelligence? Why Education Needs the Concept of Plastic           General Ability.” Educational Research Review, vol.2, 75-97, 2007, DOI:      10.1016/j.edurev.2007.05.001. Bavinck, Herman. Reformed Dogmatics: Volume 2: God and Creation. Grand Rapids,      Michigan: Baker Publishing Group, 2004. Bergant, Dianne. The Collegeville Bible Commentary, Based on the New American Bible: Old    Testament. Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, 1992. Branch, Robin Gallaher. “Proverbs 31:10−31: A Passage Containing Wisdom Principles for a      Successful Marriage.” Koers, Bulletin for Christian Scholarship, 77(2), Art #49, 9       pages, 2012, DOI: 10.4102/koers.v77i2.49. Clement, R. E.  The World of Ancient Israel: Sociological, Anthropological, and Political Perspectives. UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Colom, Roberto, Sherif Karama, Rex E. Jung, Richard J. Haier. “Human Intelligence and Brain   Networks.” Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 12(4):489-501, 2010. Crenshaw, James L. Old Testament Wisdom: An Introduction, third edition. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2010. Crenshaw, James. “Method in Determining Wisdom Influence Upon Historical Literature.” Journal of Biblical Literature, 88, 1969. De Vaux, R. Ancient Israel, translated by J McHugh. New York: McGraw Hill, 1965. Dietrich, J. “Social Anthropology of the Old Testament: Fundamental Question on the Relationality and Sociality of the People in Ancient Israel.” Vol.127, 224-243, 2015. Darwish, Mahmoud Ahmed. “Dialectic of Artistic and Aesthetic Relationship Between Creativity and Receive.” Journal of International Academic Research for   Multidisciplinary, vol. 4, issue 10, 107-128 2016. Firth, David G. and Paul D. Wegner, Presence, Power and Promise: The Role of the Spirit of God in the Old Testament. Nottingham, England: Inter-Varsity Press, 2011. Fox, Michael V. “Wisdom in the Joseph Story.” Vetus Testamentum, 51(1), 2001. Gericke, Jacobus W. “The Concept of Wisdom in the Hebrew Bible: A Comparative-Philosophical Analysis.” Verbum et Ecclesia, 32(1), Art #513, 6 pages, 2011, DOI: 10.4102/ve.v32i1.513. Glenn, Linda McDonald. Post humanism: The Future of Homo Sapiens. USA: Macmillan, 2018. Hamilton Jr, James M. God’s Indwelling Presence: The Holy Spirit in the Old and New Testaments, edited by E. Ray Clendenen. Nashville, Tennessee: B & H Publishing Group, 2006. Hildebrandt, Wilfred. An Old Testament Theology of the Spirit of God. Eugene, Oregon: WIPF   & STOCK, 1993. Huijgen, Arnold. “Traces of the Trinity in the Old Testament: From Individual Texts to the Nature of Revelation.” International Journal of Systematic Theology, Volume 19 Number 3 July 2017). doi:10.1111/ijst.12222. Hunt, Earl and Susanne J. Jaeggi. “Challenges for Research on Intelligence.” Journal of    Intelligence, 1(1), 36-54, 2013, DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence1010036. Janowski, B. “The Person in Ancient Israel: Basic Statement of Old Testament Anthropology.” Zeitschrift fuer Theologie und Kirche, vol. 102, 143-175, 2005. Konskenniemi, Erkki. “Moses A Well-Educated Man: A Look at the Education Idea in Early Judaism.” Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha, 17(4), 281-296, 2008, DOI: 10.1177/0951820708091898. Leon Harris, I. The Holy Spirit as Communion: Colin Guton’s Pneumatology of Communion and Frank Maachia’s Pneumatology of Koinonia. Eugene, Oregon: PICKWICK Publication, 2017. Levytka, Valentyna. “Analysis of Artistic Aesthetic Creativity and Children’s Art Education Based on the Scientific Sources.” Proceedings of National Aviation University, no. 2,     vol. 59, 148-152, 2014, DOI: 10.18372/2306-1472.59.6879. Longman III, Tremper. How to Read Proverbs. Downers Grove: Intervarsity Press, 2002. McDonough, Mary E. God’s Plan of Redemption. Anaheim, California: Living Stream Ministry, 1999. Meyerson, Denisse. Understanding Jurisprudence. New York: Routledge, Cavendish, Taylor & Francis Group, 2007. Michael Brewer, H. Lessons from the Carpenter: An Apprentice Learns from Jesus. Colorado: Crown Publishing Group, Water Brook Press, 2010. Mithchell, Ida M. A Biblical Theology of the Spirit. New York, Lincoln, Shanghai: iUniverse, Inc, 2006. Neisser, Ulric, Gwyneth Boodoo, Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr., A. Wade Boykin, Nathan Brody, Stephen J. Ceci, Diane F. Halpern, John C. Loehlin, Robert Perloff, Robert J. Sternberg, and Susana Urbina. “Intelligence: Knowns and Unkowns.” American     Psychologist 51(2), 1996, DOI: 10.1037//0003-066X.51.2.77. Nyende, Peter. “Tested for Our Sake: The Temptation of Jesus in the Light of Hebrews.” The Expository Times, 127(11), 525-533, 2016, DOI: 10.1177/0014524616630641. Pickett, Fuchsia. Understanding the Personality of the Holy Spirit, Book 1. Lake Mary, Florida: Charisma House, A Strang Company, 2004. Ratnapala, Suri. Jurisprudence: third edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Obiorah, Mary  and Favour Uroko “The spirit of the Lord God is upon me’ (Is 61:1):        The use of Isaiah 61:1–2 in Luke 4:18–19.” HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological        Studies, 74(1), 2018, DOI: 10.4102/hts.v74i1.5038. Ryrie, Charles C. The Holy Spirit. Chicago: Moody Press, 1997. Serpico, Davide. “What Kind of Kind is Intelligence.” Philosophical Psychology, 2018, vol. 31,   no. 2, 232–252, DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2017.1401706. Stenberg, Robert J. Human Intelligence: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University       Press, 2020. Stenberg, Robert J. “Intelligence.” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, Vol.14, No.1, 19-27,        2012. Oort, Johannes van. “The Holy Spirit as Feminine: Early Christian testimonies and their   Interpretation.” HTS Teologiese Studies/ Theological Studies 72(1), 1-6, 2016,    http://dx.doi.org/ 10.4102/hts.v72i1.3225. Owen, John. On the Holy Spirit, edited by William H. Goold. Thomas Nelson Publisher, 1982. Tomapi, Veena Madhav. Textbook on Jurisprudence. New Delhi, India: Universal Law    Publishing, 2010. Walters, James William. What is a Person? An Ethical Exploration. Urbana and Chichago:           University of Illionis Press, 1997. Walvoord, John F. The Holy Spirit: A Comprehensive Study of the Person and the Work of the    Holy Spirit. Wheaton, IL: Van Kampen Press, 1954; reprint ed., Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1978. Wang, Pei.  “The Logic of Intelligence.” Cognitive Technologies, Vol.8, 31-62, 2007, DOI:             10.1007/978-3-540-68677-4_2. Wechsler, David. “Non-intellective Factors in General Intelligence.” Psychological Bulletin,        37, 444-445, 1940. Winter, Ralph D., Stephen D. Morad, Beth Snodderly. Ancient World: Creation – 400 BC,           California: Institutes of International Studies, William Carey Library, 2006. Wood, Leon J. The Holy Spirit in the Old Testament. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publisher, 1998. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2021-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/509 10.31154/ktr.v1i2.509.119-127 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021): Klabat Theological Review; 119-127 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v1i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/509/516 Copyright (c) 2021 Christar Arstilo Rumbay

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Church Members’ Perception of Returning Tithes in Paal 2 Seventh-Day Adventist Church Manado Kasingku, Juwinner Dedy God's commend Church organization Blessing Tithe This research utilizes a quantitative design in which measurements are used to see the level of variables and to see the relationships and effects of two or more variables for statistical studies. Convenience sampling is the data collection process. To locate the quantitative data, the questionnaire instrument is used. The interpretation of church members returning the tithe in this study used a Likert scale. There are three views of church members on the returning of the tithe as a result of this research. The first is the determination of members of the church to return the tenth because of the commandments of God is very high. The second is the belief of members of the church to return the tithe based on confidence in the organization of the church is high. The third is that by returning the tithe, church members believe they will receive God's blessings is very high. Key Words: God’s commend; church organization, blessing; tithe   References Babbs, Arthur V. The Law of the Tithe. New York, Fleming H. Revell Company, l9I2. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, s.v. “tithe,” accessed February 23, 2021, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tithe. Miller, A. W. The Law of the Tithe and of the Free-Will Offering. Columbia, SC: Presbyterian Publishing House, 1873. Moleong, Lexy J. Metodelogi Penelitian Kualitatif.  Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2017. Nolan, Michael and Hartigan, An Enquiry Into the History Of Tithe, Its Influence Upon The Agriculture, Population and Morals of Ireland: With A Plan For Modifying That System. Charleston, SC: Nabu Press, 2011. Rolston, Holmes. Stewardship In the New Testament Church: A Study in the Teachings of Saint Paul concerning Christian Stewardship. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2016. Seventh-day Adventist Believe. Ministerial Association: General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, 2005. Seventh-day Church Manual. Washington, DC: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 2015. Suryoatmono, B. Kursus Statistika Dasar. Adapted from http://home.unpar.ac.id/ ~suryoatm/Kursus%20Statistika%20Dasar.PDF. 2007.  Suharsimi, Arikunto.  Pengertian instrument menurut para ahli (2015) adapted from https ://www.seputarpengetahuan.co.id/2015/11/pengertian-instrumen-penelitian-menurut-para-ahli. White, Ellen Gould. Education. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1903. _______________. Patriarch and Prophet. Washington, DC: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1890. _______________. The Review and Herald, Sept. 10, 1889. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2021-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/548 10.31154/ktr.v1i2.548.113-118 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021): Klabat Theological Review; 113-118 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v1i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/548/515 Copyright (c) 2021 Juwinner Dedy Kasingku

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ELLEN G. WHITE PERSPECTIVE ON POLITICS AMONG SEVENTH DAY ADVENTIST LEADERS Lumingkewas, Edwin Melky Politics Politics is taking place into pastoral leadership. This practice has its chance to be practiced because of cultural background. However, it brings contention among pastors and affect the mission of the church. Ellen G. White as one of the founder of SDA church paid attention to the practice of politics in the church. For SDA church members politics is restricted because it brings evil effects unto physical, mental and spiritual life. They need to avoid politics in order to develop true God’s character. It can also create division among church members. And the most important is if Christians cling into it, God would not acknowledge them as His people. For pastors and teachers, their role is to form the mindset of church members. This role prohibits them to politics.  They will not bring unity in the church when they involve politics in their discourses. Even in more firm statement Ellen White ask them to be disqualified from work which paid by tithe. While He was on the earth, Jesus never practice politics. So every Christian need to be away from politics.   Keywords: Politics   References Allen, Robert W, Dan L. Madison, Lyman W. Porter, Patricia A. Renwick, and Bronston T. Mayes, “Organizational Politics: Tactics and Characteristics of Its Actors. California Management Review 22, 1979. Cervero, Ronald M. and Arthur L. Wilson, Planning Responsibly in Adult Education: A Guide to Negotiating Power and Interests. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1994. Champoux, Joseph E. Champoux, Organizational Behavior: Essential Tenets for A New Millenium. Canada: Southwestern College, 2000. Champoux, Joseph E.  Organizational Behavior: Essential Tenets for A New Millenium. Canada: Southwestern College, 2000. Coopey, John and John Bourgoyne. “Politics and Organizational Learning.” Journal of Management Studies 37(6), (2000): 869-885. Forrester, Duncan B, Theology and Politics. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988 French, Wendell and Cecil H. Bell, Organization Development: Behavioral Science Interventions for Organization Improvement. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999. Gangel, Kenneth O, The Meaning of Leadership. In J. D. Berkley, Leadership handbook of management and administration (pp. 177-183). Manila, Philippines: CLC, 2007. Hitt, Michael A, Chet C. Miller, and Adrienne Colella, Organizational Behavior: A Strategic Approach. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2006. Kanter M. Rosabeth, Barry A. Stein, and Todd Jick, The Challenge of Organizational Change:How Companies Experience It and Leaders Guide It. New York: The Free, 1992 Kotter, John P, A Force for Change: How Leadership Differs from Management. New York: Free Press, 1990. Maleke, Ray “A Minahasa Local Theology,” (September 2013): http://raymaleke.blogspot.com/2013/09/chapter-six_2634.html, accessed 13 May, 2014. Mamahit, http://mamahit.com/ukung.html, (1994).  Accessed May 11, 2014 Marcos, “Keindahan Demokratisasi dan Toleransi Di Minahasa,” http://www.marcos.my.id/view/keindahan-demokratisasi-dan-toleransi-di-minahasa.html, (2013) accessed May 11, 2014 McCroskey, James, Virginia P. Richmond, Timothy Plax and Patricia Kearney, “Power in the Classroom: Behavior Alteration Techniques, Communication Training and Learning. Communication Education 34 (1995). McShane, Steven L and  Mary Ann Von Glinow, Organizational Behavior 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008. Mintzberg, Henry, Mel Didier, and Gerry Arbic, Power in and Around Organizations Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983. Morgan, Gareth. Images of Organization. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2006. Paulin, Jon, “Politics in the church,” Ministry, August 2011, pp. 15-17. Pfeffer, Jeffrey, Managing with power: Politics and Influence in Organizations. Boston: Harvard Business School, 1993. Plax, Timothy, Patricia Kearney, and Timothy M. Downs, “Communicating Control in the Classroom and Satisfaction with Teaching and Students” Communication Education 35, 1986. Rahim, Afzalur M, “Relationship of Leader Power to Compliance and Satisfaction with Supervision: Evidence from A National Sample of Managers” Journal of Management 15, 1989. Roderick, “The Minahasa: Si Tou Timou Tumou Tou,” (2007), http://www.theminahasa.net/indexen.html.  accessed May 13, 2014 Senge, Peter M, The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. New York: Doubleday/Currency, 2006. Siwi, Ramly “Masyarakat Minahasa Kuno, (2008), https://publikreport.com/ masyarakat-minahasa-kuno/, accessed 8 May 2021 Stott, John, Calling Christian Leaders: Biblical Model of Church, Gospel and Ministry. England: InterVarsity, 2002. Testimonies for the Church 7:252. SPCCSR 113.1 https://m.egwwritings.org/en/book/721.640#644 Wheatley, Margaret J, Leadership and the New Science: Discovering Order in A Chaotic World. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 1992. White, Ellen G. (1855a; 2002), Testimonies for the Church, Vol. 4. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press. White, Ellen G. Christian Service. Washington, DC: Review and Herald, 1925; 2002. White, Ellen G. Daniel an Example of Faithfulness, The Signs of the Times. Vol. 12.  Oakland, CA: International Tract and Missionary Society, 1886; 2002. White, Ellen G. Fundamentals of Christian Education, Instruction for the Home, the School, and the Church; Fundamentals of Christian Education, Southern Publishing Association, 1923; 2002. White, Ellen G. Pastoral Ministry. Silver Spring, MD: General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, Ministerial Association, 1995. White, Ellen G. Testimonies for the Church, Vol.5. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press, 1855b; 2002 White, Ellen G. Testimonies for the Church, Vol.9. (Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press, 1855c; 2002. White, Ellen G. Testimonies to Ministers and Gospel Workers. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press, 1923; 2002. White, Ellen G., Testimonies to Ministers and Gospel Workers. (Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press, 1923; 2002). White, Ellen G., The Story of Prophets and Kings. (Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press, 1943). Yukl, Gary, Helen Kim, and Cecilia M. Falbe, “Antecedents Of Influence Outcomes” Journal of Applied Psychology 81, 1996. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2021-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/549 10.31154/ktr.v1i2.549.86-103 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021): Klabat Theological Review; 86-103 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v1i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/549/513 Copyright (c) 2021 Edwin Melky Lumingkewas

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God’s Ultimate Purpose to His People: To be blessed and to be a blessing Warouw, Winda Novita Mission Blessing When God called Abraham in Genesis chapter 12:1-3, He blessed Abraham with a promise. The promise of God is fulfilled and as he departs from the land. From this passage, the promise has spiritual aspect and temporal blessing, particularly the latter. God says, “I will bless you.” It is an assurance of the Creator to His creation and through him, the nations will be blessed. In the context of the local church in Tondano, Indonesia, there are causes that hinder the development of God’s mission such as the false assumption of what mission is, the lack of responsibility in doing the mission, challenges that come from inside and outside, lack of faith, and many others. If they know what the mission of God is as what is written in the Bible, they will realize that they are the people of mission, people who are chosen for a blessing because the mission of God is to bless his creation. As God selected Abraham as His messenger through whom to communicate the light to the world, he had no doubt and had confidence that the source of blessing was leading him. The local church in Tondano, Indonesia will have the same blessing as what Abraham had before and the servants of God in like manner must go forth to sow.   Keywords: Mission, blessing   References Akin, Daniel L., David P. Nelson, and Peter R. Schemm, eds. A Theology for the Church. Nashville , Tenn: B & H Academic, 2007. Ashford, Bruce. Theology and Practice of Mission: God, the Church, and the Nations. Nashville, Tenn: B&H Publishing Group, 2011. Barnett, Tommy. Multiplication: Unlock the Biblical Factors to Multiply Your Effectiveness in Leadership & Ministry. Lake Mary, FL: Charisma House, 1997. DeYoung, Kevin, and Greg Gilbert. What Is the Mission of the Church? Making Sense of Social Justice, Shalom, and the Great Commission. Wheaton, Ill: Crossway, 2011. Gelder, Craig Van. The Ministry of the Missional Church: A Community Led by the Spirit. Baker Books, 2007. Goheen, Michael W. A Light to the Nations: The Missional Church and the Biblical Story. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2011. Accessed October 17, 2018. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=3117127. Hale, Tom, and Steve Thorson. Applied OT Bible Commentary. Colorado Springs, CO: David C. Cook, 2012. Accessed October 18, 2018. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=4067707. Hoke, Steve, and Bill Taylor. Global Mission Handbook: A Guide for Crosscultural Service. Downers Grove, Ill: InterVarsity Press, 2012. Martin, Robin, and Mike Barnett. Discovering the Mission of God: Best Missional Practices for the 21st Century. Westmont: InterVarsity Press, 2012. Accessed October 16, 2018. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=3316400. Nichol, Francis D. (Ed). Seventh-Day Adventist Bible Commentary. Vol. 1. Hagerstown, MD: Washington, 1953. Patricia King. 31 Decrees of Blessing for Your Life. Place of publication not identified: Broadstreet Publishing Gr, 2016. Plummer, Minnie Knox. Basic Bible Foundations: A Literacy Textbook and Study Guide of Old Testament Events. Author House, 2006. Westermann, Claus. Blessing in the Bible and the Life of the Church. Overtures to Biblical theology 3. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1978. Wright, Christopher J. H. Knowing the Holy Spirit through the Old Testament. Downers Grove, Ill: IVP Academic, 2006. Wright, Christopher J. H. Salvation Belongs to Our God: Celebrating the Bible’s Central Story. Carlisle: Langham Creative Projects, 2013. Accessed October 16, 2018. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=5198257. ———. The Mission of God: Unlocking the Bible’s Grand Narrative. Westmont: InterVarsity Press, 2013. Accessed October 15, 2018. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=2033595. Yoder, John Howard. Theology of Mission: A Believers Church Perspective. InterVarsity Press, 2014. “Definition of RELATIONAL.” Accessed October 17, 2018. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/relational. Four Views on the Church’s Mission. Zondervan, 2017.   Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2021-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/550 10.31154/ktr.v1i2.550.104-112 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021): Klabat Theological Review; 104-112 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v1i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/550/514 Copyright (c) 2021 Winda Novita Warouw

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Significance of Hesed in the Blessing of Naomi: Exegetical and Theological Study of Ruth 1:8, 9 Abin, Blasius Hesed Covenant Commitment The connection of hesed and covenant commitment is a pivotal point in the covenant between Ruth and Naomi. The blessing of Naomi indicates that there are two agents of hesed, namely God’s hesed for the two Moabite women in the future, and the hesed of the two Moabite women for Naomi’s family in the past. Naomi uses the term hesed in Ruth 1:8b without giving a specific description of God’s hesed. However, the oracle in Ruth 1: 9a Naomi specifies the idea of God’s hesed. Through the exegetical and theological study of the text, the words of Naomi imply that the past continual covenant faithfulness of two Moabite women to Elimelech’s family as well as to God is the basis of Naomi’s supplication that God should reward them hesed in the future. The theological implication is that the faithfulness of human beings to the covenant commitment assures the permanence of hesed in the covenant relationship. Moreover, faithfulness to covenant commitment stood out as being a means of how God worked out His redemptive plan to turn about the human crisis. To sum, hesed is considered as the content of the covenant, and it is the basis on which the covenant relationship will be enabled to continue. Keywords: Hesed; Covenant; Commitment   References Arnold, Bill T., and John H. Choi. A Guide to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Baer, David A., and Robert P. Gordon. “חֶסֶד.” New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis. Ed. W. A. VanGemeren. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1997. Badillos, Angel Saenz. A History of the Hebrew Language. Trans. John Elwolde. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993. Bible Works, Biblical Database Software for Microsoft Windows, version 7.o.o12x. Bible Works, LLC. Hermeneutika Computer Bible Research Software. חֶסֶד, MT, 2007. Brown, Francis, with S. R. Driver and Charles A. Briggs. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament With an Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic. Based on the lexicon of William Gesenius. Oxford: Clarendon, 1952, s.v. “חֶסֶד.” Bruce K., M. O’Connor. An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1990. Bush, Frederic W. Ruth/Esther. Word Biblical Commentary 9. Dallas, TX: Word, 1996. Buttrick, George Arthur. “Ruth.” The Interpreter’s Bible. Nashville, TN: Abingdon, 1953. Campbell, Edward F. Jr. Ruth: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Anchor Bible. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1975. ________________. “The Hebrew Short Story: A Study of Ruth.” A Light Unto My Path. Ed. H. Bream, R. Heim, and C. Moore. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1974. Clark, Gordon R. The Word Heseḏ in the Hebrew Bible. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 157. Sheffield, UK: Academic, 1993. Clines, David J. A. The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. Sheffield, UK: Academic, 1998. s.v. “חֶסֶד.” Cogan, Mordechai, and Hayim Tadmor. II Kings: A New Translation With Introduction and Commentary. New York, NY: Doubleday, 1988. Cohen, Ada Taggar. “Political Loyalty in the Biblical Account of 1 Samuel xx-xxii in the Light of Hittite Texts.” Vetus Testamentum  55 (2005): 251-268. Collins, C. John. Genesis 1-4: Linguistic, Literary, and Theological Commentary. New Jersey, NJ: P & R, 2006. Daniel I. Judges, Ruth. The New American Commentary 6. Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman, 1999. Exum, J. Cheryl. Plotted, Shot, and Painted: Cultural Representations of Biblical Women. JSOTSup 215. Sheffield, UK: Academic, 1996. Fensham, Charles. ”The Treaty Between Israel and the Gibeonites.” Biblical Archaeologist 27 (1964): 96-100. Hamilton, Victor P. Handbook on the Historical Books: Joshua, Judges, Ruth, Samuel, Kings, Chronicles, Ezra-Nehemiah, Esther. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2008. Holladay, William L. A Concise Hebrew, and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Leiden, Holland: Brill, 1971), s.v. “שׁוב.” Hubbard, Robert L. The Book of Ruth. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1988. Joüon, Paul and Muraoka Takamitzu. A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Winona Lake, In: Eisenbrauns, 1978. Kalluveettil, Paul. Declaration and Covenant: A Comprehensive Review of Covenant Formulae From the Old Testament and the Ancient Near East. Rome, Italy: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1982. Kathleen A. Robertson. “The Book of Ruth.” The New Interpreter’s Bible. Ed. Leander E. Keck. Nashville, TN: Abingdon, 1998. Kautzsch, Emil. Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. Trans. Kautzsch Emil, A. E. Cowley, and M. Segal . Oxford, MS: Clarendon, 1990. Keck, Leander E. “Ruth.” The New Interpreter’s Bible 2. Nashville, TN: Abingdon, 1998. Kensky, Tikva Frymer. Reading the Women of the Bible: A New Interpretation of Their Stories. New York, NY: n.p., 2002. Knoppers, Gary N. “Ancient Near Eastern Royal Grants and the Davidic Covenant.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 116 (1996): 670-697. Kutler, L. “A Structural Semantic Approach to Israelite Communal Terminology.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 14 (1982): 71-72. Lacocque, André. Ruth, A Continental Commentary. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 2004. Lapsley, Jacqueline E. “Feeling Our Way: Love for God in Deuteronomy.” Catholic Biblical Quarterly  65 (2003): 350-369 Larkin, Katrina J. A. Ruth and Esther. Old Testament Guide. Sheffield, UK: Academic, 1996. Mathew, Victor H. Judges and Ruth. New Cambridge Bible Commentary. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004. McComiskey, Thomas Edward. The Covenants of Promise: A Theology of the Old Testament Covenants. Grand Rapids: MI: Baker, 1985. Meyers, Jacob M. “Returning Home: Ruth 1:8 and Gendering of the Book of Ruth.” Naomi and Ruth: A Feminist Companion to Ruth. Ed. Athalya Brenner. Shefield, UK: Academic, 1993. Moran, William L. “The Ancient Near Eastern Background of the Love of God in Deuteronomy.” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 25 (1963): 77-87; Nielsen, Kirsten. Ruth: A Commentary. Louisville, KY: John Knox, 1997. Prinsloo, Willem S. “The Theology of the Book of Ruth.” Vetus Testamentum 30 (1980): 332. Rendtorff, Rolf. “The Canonical Hebrew Bible.” Theology of the Old Testament. Ed. David E. Orton. Leiden, Holland: Deo, 2005. Sasson, Jack Murad. Ruth: A New Translation With a Philological Commentary and a Formalist-Folklorist Interpretation. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979. Smith, Mark S. “Your People Shall be My People: Family and Covenant in Ruth 1:16-17.” CBQ 69 (2007): 246. Soggin, J. Alberto. “שׁוב.” Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament. Ed. Ernest Jenni, Clause Wassermann. Trans. by Mark. E. Biddle. Peabody, MS: Hendrickson, 1997. Thompson, James A., and Elmer A. Martens. “שׁוב.” New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis. Ed. W. A. VanGemeren. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1997. Trible, Phyllis. “A Human Comedy.” God and the Rhetoric of Sexuality: Overtures to Biblical Theology. Ed. Walter Brueggemann, John R. Donahue. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress, 1978. Waard, Jan De, and E. A. Nida. A Translator’s Handbook on the Book of Ruth. London, UK: United Bible Societies, 1973. Waltke, Bruce K., and Charles Yu. Old Testament Theology: An Exegetical, Canonical, and Thematic Approach (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2007. Zobel, Hans-Jürgen. “חֶסֶד.” Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Ed. G. Johannes Botterweck and Helmer Ringgren. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1977. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2021-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/551 10.31154/ktr.v1i2.551.74-85 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021): Klabat Theological Review; 74-85 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v1i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/551/512 Copyright (c) 2021 Blasius Abin

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Paul as Apostle, Theologian, and Missionary in Ellen G. White’s Writings Chrissutianto, Donny Paul Among the apostles, Ellen G. White wrote a biography of Paul only, Sketches From the Life of Paul (1883). In addition of this book, there are numerous statements about him throughout her writings. The purpose of this paper is to see what the idea of White about Paul as an apostle, theologian, and missionary was. This research argues that White understood the office of Paul as apostle was closely related to his eagerness in studying the Word of God, delivering the message in its simplicity to the hearers (theologian) and his zealous for missionary work. These three are intertwined in the life of Paul after his conversion. As he was called to be an apostle, this office required him to share the truth to others as well as a shepherd for God’s people, nurturing them and protecting the church from the false teaching. The last task was closely related to his ability as theologian. She regarded him as a missionary. She stated that to be a missionary he was to teach the truth (theologian), to expand the church and to organize people to advance God’s work. Thus, these three roles interwove in Paul’s ministry. Keywords: Paul Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2021-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/552 10.31154/ktr.v1i2.552.63-73 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021): Klabat Theological Review; 63-73 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v1i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/552/511 Copyright (c) 2021 Donny Chrissutianto

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Recovering Sight to the Blind in Luke 14:18. 19 Tangkudung, Clarry Paul Blindness Messiah Ministry Sabbath One of the tasks of the Messiah is to recover the blindness of human being.  Blindness is an important topic in the New Testament.  The act of recovering sight to the blind is the act of Messiah fulfilled by Jesus in his ministry.  This important task is prophesied in the Old Testament.  This prophecy is found in Isaiah 61: 1, 2.  The role of Jesus as Messiah is to recover the sight to the blind, to bring justice, and to give people righteousness.  Throughout the New Testament mentions the role of Jesus to recover the blindness.  The uniqueness of the word ‘blindness’ is that it is mentions together with the word ‘poor.’ Clear message is given to the people in the New Testament that Jesus given the power of the Holy Spirit to do these wonderful things.  There is strong connection of the ministry of Jesus to recover the sight to the blind and Sabbath.   Keywords:  Blindness; Messiah; Ministry; Sabbath References Barker, Kenneth L. ed., NIV Study Bible (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1984), 1532 Walter Bauer, A Greek English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, ed. Frederick W. Danker, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), BibleWorks. V.7. Beaulieu, Stephane. Isaiah’s Messiah: Adventist Identity for the Last Days. Journal of the Adventist Theological Society, 27/1-2 (2016): 3-23), Available from http://archive.atsjats.org/Beaulieu%20BZ.pdf;  accessed at 12 August 2019 Betz, Hans Dieter. The Sermon on the Mount: Hermeneia – A Critical and Historical Commentary on the Bible.  Augsburg Fortress: Minneapolis, 1995. Braun, Willi.  Feasting and Social Rhetoric in Luke 14.  New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Bruno, Christoper R. “Jesus is Our Jubilee” . . . But How? The OT Background and Lukan Fulfillment of the Ethics of Jubilee.  Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 53/1 81-101, March 2010 Carson.  D. A. Ed. the Gospel According to John.  Apollos Leicester: England, 1984. Cranfield, C. B. E., the Gospel According to Saint Mark: An Introduction and Commentary.  Cambridge University Press: United Kingdom, 2000. Culpepper, R Alan. Anatomy of the Fourth Gospel: A Study in Literary Design.  Fortress: Philadelphia, 1983.discipletree.com%2F05Courses%2FChurchGrowth%2F07Week%2FLuke%25204.16-20.doc), accessed at October 7, 2019 Fowler, James A. A Commentary on the Revelation of John.  C.I.Y. Publishing Fallbrook: California, 2013. Fowler, James A. Jesus Confronts Religion: A Commentary on the Four Gospel. Christocentric Commentary Series. California: C.I.Y Publishing, 2006. Gaebelein, Frank E., Ed., Expositor’s Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1984. Jordan, Richard. Exegetical Notes on Luke 4:14-21 (Journal Online, available from: http://richardajordan.com/Bible_Study/luke4.pdf), accessed at June 12, 2019 Koech, Joseph. the Spirit Motif in Luke 4:14-30; Acts 1:8. African Journal of Evangelical Theology 27.2 2008. Monshouwer, D. The Reading of the Prophet in the Synagogue at Nazareth. en Bib 72 199. Nichol, Fancis, ed.  Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary. Rev. ed. Washington, DC: Review and Herald, 1976-1980. Park, Jim. The Role of the Sabbath/Jubilee in Luke 4:16-18.  Journal Online, available from:https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=http%3A%2F%2F Sanders, J. A. From Isaiah 61 to Luke 4, in Christianity, Judaism, and Other Greco-Roman Cults, ed. J. Neusner.  Leiden: Brill, 1975. Siker, Jeffrey S. First to the Gentiles: A literally Analysis of Luke 4:16-30.  Journal of Biblical Literature III/1,  Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, 1992. Stevanovic, Ranko.  Revelation of Jesus Christ:  Commentary on the book of Revelation   Andrews University Press: Berrien Spring, Michigan, 2002. Steyn, J. & A. Yousaf, Jesus and the Marginalized: Attaching Pastoral Meaning to Luke 4: 14-30. Journal of Acta Theologia, February 2012. Turner, Max. The Work of the Holy Spirit in Luke-Acts.  Journal Online, available from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c5c8/29f9ca024844d73a43aca40a0444d0765f6f.pdf. accessed at September, 13, 2019 Utley, Bob. Study Guide Commentary Series New Testament, Vol. 3. A.  Texas: Bible Lessons International, Marshall, 2004. Win, Adam. The Purpose of Mark’s Gospel: An Early Christian Response to Roman Imperial Propaganda.  Mohr Siebeck, Tubingen: Germany, 2008. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2021-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/553 10.31154/ktr.v1i2.553.128-139 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021): Klabat Theological Review; 128-139 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v1i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/553/517 Copyright (c) 2021 Clarry Paul Tangkudung

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Augustine and Pelagius View on Salvation: Salvation by Grace or Works Kasingku, Juwinner Dedy salvation grace faith good deeds Salvation is a crucial part of a Christian's life. There are several interpretations according to the term of salvation. We are saved by grace and through faith and our salvation is the gift from God, but the questions arise, if salvation is given by God, why do we have to obey the law of God, is it taking apart for our salvation? What do both Augustine and Pelagius view about salvation? Are they have the same perspective about salvation or not? How does the Seventh-day Adventist outlook about salvation and how the bible says according to this issue?  There are at least 2 arguments that arise related to this discussion. The argument from Pelagius that human effort affects salvation while Augustine's argument states that there is no part at all for humans to get salvation but an absolute gift from God. The purpose of the research paper is to know about salvation that is given by God. Besides that, to compare what is salvation according to Augustine and Pelagius with the Seventh-day Adventist beliefs which is suitable with our doctrine or not. Salvation is an absolute gift of God, so the good deeds produced by human beings are an expression of gratitude for the salvation that God has given.   Keywords: salvation, grace, faith, good deeds. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2021-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/569 10.31154/ktr.v2i1.569.53-63 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 2 No. 2 (2021): Klabat Theological Review; 53-63 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v2i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/569/563 Copyright (c) 2021 Juwinner Dedy Kasingku

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SPIRITUAL MATURITY, WORKPLACE SPIRITUALITY AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT: A PREDICTIVE MODEL Harwanto, Budi organizational commitment spritual maturity workplace spirituality The practice of pastors’ spiritual maturity, workplace spirituality and employee organizational commitment have been a large amount of study in recent years. Research has found that employee spiritual maturity and workplace spirituality are significant contributors to organizational commitment and outcomes. However, there is only a little research done on the link between pastors’ spiritual maturity, workplace spirituality in Adventist Church organizational setting. This paper explored the influence of pastors spiritual maturity and workplace spirituality to their organizational commitment. A total of 85 church pastors participated in this study in East Indonesia Union Conference (EIUC) of Seventh-day Adventist (SDA). The findings showed that: (1) using Pearson’s correlation, all variables of  pastors’ spiritual maturity, workplace spirituality, pastors’ organizational commitment have a positive and significant relationship, and (2) using multiple regression analysis, both variable of pastors spiritual maturity and workplace spirituality help predict the variance in pastors’ organizational commitment.   Keywords: organizational commitment, spiritual maturity, workplace spirituality. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2021-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/598 10.31154/ktr.v2i1.598.42-52 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 2 No. 2 (2021): Klabat Theological Review; 42-52 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v2i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/598/562 Copyright (c) 2021 Budi Harwanto

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SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOR OF PASTORS AT MINAHASA CONFERENCE, INDONESIA Lumingkewas, Edwin Melky leadership behavior pastors Spiritual leadership has become a growing interest among Christians. In the Seventh-day Adventist Church, Fowler (1982) indicates that the problem of pastors‟ work motivation has demanded a deep concern from the worldwide church leadership. In the context of Minahasa Conference (MC), it seems that there is a decline in pastors‟ work motivation that affects the growth of the church. Thus, this study examines the influence of spiritual leadership behavior to pastors‟ work motivation. Using a descriptive design, all 77 pastors at MC were selected as the respondents of the study. In particular, this study determined (a) the biblical-theological foundation of spiritual leadership behavior; (b) the level of spiritual leadership behavior of MC leaders. Using descriptive statistics, the result shows that all the dimensions of spiritual leadership behavior of MC leaders have a high.   Keywords:  Leadership, Behavior, Pastors Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2021-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/599 10.31154/ktr.v2i1.599.87-117 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 2 No. 2 (2021): Klabat Theological Review; 87-117 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v2i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/599/565 Copyright (c) 2021 Edwin Melky Lumingkewas

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THE TYPE OF CHRIST IN PASSOVER Warouw, Winda Novita type passover Two explanations that are referring to biblical typology in this research are its terminology and its meaning. The term typology comes from the Greek typos, meaning “copy, picture, pattern.” Typology generally contains two elements: type, the initial element, and antitype, the other element. Typology, in particular, can be placed in the form of a relationship between the OT and NT. Accordingly, a “type” is an event, person, or object, meaning prefigures or foreshadows any subsequent event, subject, or object, while “antitype” is the fulfilment or manifestation of those types. The Passover was the first of the three annual festivals in which all the people of Israel will come before God and with it is the Feast of Unleavened Bread. The earliest evidence for the use of Passover wine comes from the Hellenistic period. The Passover feast was celebrated with four cups of wine to uphold the Jewish tradition, symbolizing the four redemption signs found in (Exo 6:6). Through the study of the biblical record, it is assumed that: (1) Jesus Christ is indeed the antitype of the types found in the Passover festival; (2) Jesus is the manifestation of the Passover through the bread, wine, and lamb; and (3) There is a couple of practical implications found in this research: (a) because the Passover bread symbolizes the body of Jesus, there is a clearer picture that Jesus is the true savior for he was sinless (unleavened) when he lived on earth; (b) just as the wine represents the blood of Jesus, and blood refers to life itself, it is evident that only through Jesus, mankind may have eternal life; and (c) the fact that Jesus is the antitype of the Passover lamb indicates that only through him that the victory over sin can be truly reached.   Keywords: Type, Passover Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2021-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/600 10.31154/ktr.v2i1.600.118-133 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 2 No. 2 (2021): Klabat Theological Review; 118-133 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v2i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/600/567 Copyright (c) 2021 Winda Novita Warouw

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Musical Instrument in Seventh-day Adventists Worship Services Wauran, Max H. church service cymbal drum musical instrument percussion taboret tambourine timbrel worship service There are many kinds of musical instruments recorded in the Bible. One of most important instruments found in the Scriptures is drum. In the Old Testament times, the drum or timbrel is an instrument used for religious and social celebrations that gives people opportunities to express joy, delight, cheerful and even courage, in social and religious festivals. The use of drum in worship and religious services of Christian denominations has been very common. Nevertheless, whether or not this should be used in church worship services is still an ongoing and unending debate. In Seventh-day Adventist Church (SDA) Church, most of church members disagree, but some considered drum can be used in supporting praises and worship services.  Those who support the use of this instrument in the church argue that there is nothing wrong in it. On the other hand, some of church members think that drums must be excluded from worship activities and religious celebrations because this musical instrument annoys the solemnity of worship. Culture aspect in the use of drums among SDA Church could be an important point of consideration.     Keywords: church service, cymbal, drum, musical instrument, percussion taboret, tambourine, timbrel, worship service Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2021-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/601 10.31154/ktr.v2i1.601.1-27 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 2 No. 2 (2021): Klabat Theological Review; 1-27 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v2i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/601/560 Copyright (c) 2021 Max H. Wauran

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THE FIRST SUNDAY LAWS AND THEIR ESCHATOLOGICAL COUNTERPART Chrissutianto, Donny sunday law Ellen G. White adventist eschatology early church Most Christians challenge the idea of Adventist’ view regarding the eschatological Sunday law. They think that this concept is absurd and has no historical connection. This article examines how the first Sunday laws in the fourth and fifth century were conducted. It also surveys Ellen White’s understanding on the eschatological Sunday law. This comparison study attempts to see whether Adventist’s understanding represented by Ellen White’s writings is supported by historical facts or only a theoretical delusion. Based on three indicators about what was the main factor, who was the main actor and the executor. This research finds there is a similarity between the first Sunday laws and its eschatological counterpart. It shows that Adventist’ idea on the last Sunday law has historical pattern in the church history and not merely an illusion theory.   Keywords: Sunday Law, Ellen G. White, Adventist, eschatology, early church Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2021-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/602 10.31154/ktr.v2i1.602.28-41 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 2 No. 2 (2021): Klabat Theological Review; 28-41 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v2i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/602/561 Copyright (c) 2021 Donny Chrissutianto

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Hell and Suffering In Matthew 23:33: Comparison Study Of The Concept Of Hell And Suffering In The Bible And Quran Tangkudung, Clarry Paul bible judge hadith hell heaven paradise suffering quran This research employs qualitative research method. Hell, and suffering are two topics that mentioned many times in the Bible.  these topics are discussed in detail in the Quran.  There are some similarities as well as differences of understanding regarding the concept both topics.  The concept of fire as the punishment element is mentioned in both scriptures.  Suffering is the concept in which highly connected to the concept of punishment in the Bible and Quran.  Bible and Quran remarks the concept of Hell in its narrations.  Jesus mentions the word “Hell” in Matthew 23:33. The reference is pointed to the Pharisess.  This word has plentiful meaning and understanding.  Both scriptures mentioned the person who will bring deliverance to the people from hell and suffering. The Bible says it clearly the person who will save people from the punishment of hell. The concept of Hell is related to the concept of suffering in the Bible and in Quran.  Keywords: Bible, Judge, Hadith, Hell, Heaven, Paradise, Suffering, Quran Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2021-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/603 10.31154/ktr.v2i1.603.64-86 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 2 No. 2 (2021): Klabat Theological Review; 64-86 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v2i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/603/564 Copyright (c) 2021 Klabat Theological Review

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Discipleship in Indonesia: The First Decade of Adventist Message (1899-1909) Chrissutianto, Donny Discipleship Adventist Message evangelism Indonesia adventist missionary The first Adventist missionary came to Indonesia at the end of 1899. The first decade of the Adventist work met many challenges and hardships. However, in 1909, the Adventist membership percentage increased sharply if it is compared with the previous and later years. This paper attempts to discover what was the main factor of the successful evangelism from 1899 to 1909. After surveying the information gathered in various periodicals during the first decade of Adventist work in Indonesia, the finding is that discipleship was a significant factor that made the evangelism in Indonesia was successful. Discipleship, including training, needed much time and efforts before it reaped the bountiful harvest. This research also recommends some strengths that can be cultivated and weaknesses that may be avoided to gain better outcomes today. Keywords: Discipleship, Adventist Message, evangelism, Indonesia, adventist missionary   Bibliography Bonhoeffer, Dietrich. The Cost of Discipleship. New York, NY: Macmillian, 1963. Conradi, L. R. “God’s mystery to be Quickly Finished,” Union Conference Record, April 15, 1907. Conradi, L. R. “The Dutch General Meeting,” Review and Herald, September 23, 1909. Fulton, J. E. “Java Council Meeting,” Union Conference Record, January 4, 1909. Gates, E. H. “Malaysia Mission,” Union Conference Record, October 1, 1901. Gates, E. H. “Our Work in Sumatra,” Review and Herald, March 26, 1908. Gates, E. H. Review and Herald, March 26, 1908. G., “The Cross,” Australasian Signs of the Times, July 11, 1904. Jones, A. T. “Consecrations of our Means to Service,” Union Conference Record, May 15, 1903. Jones, G. F. “In Sumatra,” Review and Herald, October 31, 1912. Mills, Nettie. “An Interesting Occasion in Singapore,” Union Conference Record, August 24, 1908. Munson, R. W. “Brother Immanuel, the Battak,” Union Conference Record, September 15, 1905. Munson, R. W. “Greetings from Sumatra,” Union Conference Record, October 15, 1903. Munson, R. W. “Netherlands Indies,” Review and Herald, May 8, 1900. Munson, R. W. “Our Work in Sumatra,” Review and Herald, April 28, 1904. Munson, R. W. “Padang, West Coast Sumatra, East Indies,” RH, May 19, 1903. Munson, R. W. “Sumatra,” Review and Herald, November 16, 1905. Munson, R. W. “The Island of Sumatera,” Review and Herald, December 1, 1900. Munson, R. W. “The Island of Sumatera,” Union Conference Record, December 1, 1900. Munson, R. W. “The Work in Malaysia,” Review and Herald, September 2, 1902. Munson, R. W. Union Conference Record, June 24, 1907. Munson, R. W. Union Conference Record, September 15, 1905. Munson, Review and Herald, November 16, 1905. Nordstrom, A. “A letter from Java,” Union Conference Record, March 23, 1908. Olsen, O. A. “New Zealand,” Union Conference Record, February 24, 1908. Patterson, W. R. “Learning by Suffering,” Australasian Signs of the Times, April 29, 1907. Pringle, Robert. Understanding Islam in Indonesia: Politics and Diversity. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii, 2010. Rogers, H. E. Statistical Report of Seventh-day Adventist Conferences, Missions, and Institutions. Takoma Park, Washington D. C: General Conference of Seventh-day Adventist, 1909. Taylor, W. L. “A Contended Mind,” Australasian Signs of the Times, June 8, 1908. Tunheim, Petra. “Back to Pagoengsen,” Union Conference Record, February 15, 1909. Tunheim, Petra. “House-to-House Work in Java,” Union Conference Record, June 1, 1908. Tunheim, Petra. “Java Mission,” Union Conference Record, September 7, 1908. Volpe, Medi Ann. Rethinking Christian Identity: Doctrine and Discipleship. Chichester, WS: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. Walker, Marcelia A.  “Letter from Ezekiel Of Batakland,” Union Conference Record, August 30, 1909. Walker, Marcelia A. “Sumatra,” Review and Herald, June 2, 1903. Wantzlick, G. A. “Sumatra,” Review and Herald, June 25, 1908. Wantzlick, G. A. “Sumatra,” Union Conference Record, September 7, 1908. White, Ellen G. “The Restoration of Peter,” Australasian Signs of the Times, August 23, 1909. White, Ellen G. “To Every Man His Work,” Australasian Signs of the Times, February 1, 1909. White, Ellen G. “Words of Counsel,” Union Conference Record, November 15, 1903. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2022-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/810 10.31154/ktr.v3i1.810.1-11 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022): Klabat Theological Review; 1-11 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v3i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/810/686 Copyright (c) 2022 Donny Chrissutianto

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BIBLE INSPIRATION IN WOLFHART PANNENBERG’ THEOLOGY: AN EXAMINATION Legi, Glenny W Pasuhuk, Suryanica Aristas revelation inspiration biblical Wolfhart Pannenberg was a theologian from German. He was a Lutheran theologian. His concept of revelation and inspiration was widely debated among Protestant and Catholic theologians. This article attempts to examine Wolfhart Pannenberg’s theology of Biblical Inspiration. A biblical examination of the inspirations in Pannenberg’s theology shows contrasting things. His idea of revelation is not direct communication between the Divine and man but rather as history, contrary to the biblical notion. Pannenberg rejected Divine intervention in biblical inspiration. This led him to focus on the role of man in Inspiration. For him, the authors played an active role, in cognitive processes. According to the Bible, writers have a passive role, because they are led and directed by the Holy Spirit. Therefore, Pannenberg's idea of the Bible as a human document is not in harmony with the teachings of the Bible Key words: revelation, inspiration, biblical.   Bibliography Bloesch, Donald G.  Holy Scripture: Revelation, Inspiration and Interpretation.  Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2005. Canale, Fernando L.  “Revelation and Inspiration: The Classical Model.” Andrews University Seminary Studies 32 (1994): 22-30. ________.  “Revelation and Inspiration,” Understanding Scripture: An Adventist Approach, ed., by, George W. Reid.  Hagerstown, MD: Review & Herald, 2005. Carson, D. A. and Douglass J. Moo.  An Introduction to the New Testament.  Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2009. Dederen, Raoul.  “Revelation-Inspiration Phenomenon According to the Bible Writers,” in, Adventist Theological Society Occasional Papers, ed., by, Frank Holbrook dan Leo Van Dolson. Berrien Springs, MI: Adventist Theological Society Publications, 1992. Grudem, Wayne.  Systematic Theology: Introduction to Biblical Doctrines.  Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2004. Gulley, Norman R.  Systematic Theology I: Prolegomena.  Berrien Springs, MI: Andrews University Press, 2003. Hagner, Donald A. The New Testament: Historical and Theological Introduction.  Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2013. Hasel, Frank M. “The Scripture in the Theologies of W. Pannenberg and D. G. Bloesch: An Investigation and Assessment of Its Origin, Nature and Use.” (Ph.D Dissertation, Andrews University, 1994. McKenzie, David. Wolfhart Pannenberg and Religious Philosophy.  Lanham, MD: University of America, 1980). Ministerial Association of General Conference of SDA, Seventh-day Adventist Believe: A Biblical Exposition of 28 Fundamental Doctrines.  Nampa, ID: Pacific Press, 2005. Pannenberg, Wolfhart.  Systematic Theology, 3 vols., trans., by, Geoffrey Bromiley. London: T & T Clark International, 2004. ________.  Introduction to Systematic Theology.  Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1991. ________.  Revelation as History.  New York: The Macmillan Company, 1968. ________.  What is Man?: Contemporary Anthropology in Theological Perspective. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1970. White, Ellen G. Steps to Christ.  Washington, DC: Review & Herald, 1915. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2022-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/813 10.31154/ktr.v3i1.813.12-20 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022): Klabat Theological Review; 12-20 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v3i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/813/687 Copyright (c) 2022 Glenny W Legi, Suryanica Aristas Pasuhuk

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BIBLICAL LEADERSHIP CHARACTER OF GOD Lumingkewas, Edwin Melky Leadership Character Spiritual leadership has become a growing interest among Christians. Among leadership in the Seventh-day Adventist Church, It is important to have a basic perspective of Christian leadership based on leadership principles from God as found in the Bible. The Bible indicates that God is leader. Although Bible is absent of trinity word, the description of the triune God is clear. In this trinity relationship, the nature of divine leadership is implied. As God the Father sent Jesus Christ, then Jesus sent the Holy Spirit in the salvation context, the concept of leadership is there. God leading the nation of Israel also provides additional information about the nature of God's leadership. Then, God's act of organizing, executing, and evaluating the creation of this world's represents a part of the biblical leadership process. Furthermore, spiritual leadership traits such as: Loving, humble, and care are shown by God. Keywords:  Leadership, Character Bibliography Andrews, E. D. (2016). Understanding the creation account: Basic Bible doctrines of the Christian faith. Cambridge, OH: Christian. Bergant, D., & Karris, R. J. (1989). The Collegeville Bible commentary: Based on the New American Bible with revised New Testament. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical. Cooper, L. C. (2015). Code of conduct for a Seventh-day Adventist leader. In P. H. Douglas (Ed.), Transparency and accountability: A global commitment of Seventh-day Adventist Church leaders (pp. 33-68). San Antonio, TX: General Conference Auditing Service. Crisp, O. D. (2007). Divinity and humanity: The Incarnation reconsidered. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Davidson, R. M. (2014). Leadership language in the Old Testament. In S. Bell (Ed.), Servants and friends: A biblical theology of leadership (pp. 11-30). Berrien Springs, MI: Andrews University Press. Doukhan, J. B. (2014). The creative narration. In S. Bell (Ed.), Servants and friends: A biblical theology of leadership (pp. 31-48). Berrien Springs, MI: Andrews University Press. Graves, O. E. (2012). God created man in His image and likeness. Bloomington, IN: Trafford. Grudem, W. (1994). Systematic theology: An introduction to biblical doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. Hebblethwaite, B. (1987). The Incarnation: Collected essays in Christology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Jemison, T. H. (1959). Christian beliefs: Fundamental biblical teachings for Seventh-day Adventist college classes. Boise, ID: Pacific Press. Louth, A., Conti, M., & Oden, T. C. (Eds.). (2001). Genesis 1-11. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity. Mendoza, J. A. (2010). Heaven on earth: A guide to the kingdom. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. Merrit, J. (2011). God, I’ve got a question: Biblical truth for our deepest concerns. Eugene, OR: Harvest. Metzger, P. L. (2011). Why should we care? Cultural Encounters, 7(1), 7-20. Retrieved November 3, 2015, from goo.gl/7ydETL Nichol, F. D. (Ed.). (1957-1978). Seventh-day Adventist Bible commentary (Vols. 1 & 7). Washington, DC: Review & Herald. Paago, S. (2012). God’s law. Bloomington, IN: WestBow. Piper, J. (1996). Four ways God leads His people. Retrieved from http://www.desiring.org/articles/four-ways-god-leads-his-people Radmacher, E. D., Allen, R. B., & House, H. W. (1999). Nelson’s new illustrated Bible commentary: Gen 1:26. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson. Rae, M. A. (1997). Kierkegaard’s vision of the Incarnation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Rinehart, S. T. (1998). Upside down: The paradox of servant leadership. Quezon City, Philippines: Navigator. Schlessinger, L., & Vogel, R. S. (1998). The Ten Commandments: The significance of God’s laws in everyday life. New York, NY: Cliff Street. Shore, M. H. (2014). “Jesus, remember me”: Biblical imagination and the experience of dementia. Word & World, 34(3), 264-272. Retrieved from https://wordandworld.luthersem.edu/content/pdfs/34-3_Igniting_Bib_Imagination/34-3_Shore.pdf Stump, E. (2009). Atonement according to Aquinas. In M. Rea (Series Ed.), Oxford Reading Philosophical Theology: Vol. 1. Trinity, Incarnation, atonement (pp. 267-293). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Suh, C. W. (1982). The creation-mediatorship of Jesus Christ: A study in the relation of the incarnation and the creation. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Rodopi. Unger, M. F. (1981). Unger’s commentary on the Old Testament. Chicago, IL: Moody Press. Walvoord, J. F., & Zuck, R. B. (Eds.). (1983). The Bible knowledge commentary: An exposition of the Scriptures. Wheaton, IL: Victor. White, E. G. (1911). The acts of the apostles. Mountain View, CA: Ellen G. White Estate. White, E. G. (1958). The story of patriarchs and prophets: As illustrated in the lives of holy men of old. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press. White, E. G. (1985). Christian leadership. Washington, DC: Ellen G. White Estate. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2022-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/814 10.31154/ktr.v3i1.814.72-86 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022): Klabat Theological Review; 72-86 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v3i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/814/692 Copyright (c) 2022 Edwin Melky Lumingkewas

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PASTORAL CARE TO THE PROSTITUTES IN JAKARTA: POSTMODERN APPROACH Watopa, James J Pastoral care Prostitute trafficking transparent communications care building relationship postmodernism saved Prostitution is a classic social issue from ancient times until today that cannot be denied. From remote villages to megapolitan cities in every country. Some are legalized but some are prohibited. Various parties are trying to prevent and even eradicate it, but face obstacles that are difficult to resolve. For that, the church cannot turn a blind eye. There is a need for pastoral care for this issue which has disturbed the social fabric. The pastor's rarities in question include: (1) building a relationship, (2) establishing excellent and transparent communications, (3) biblical reflexivity, (4) systemic assessment, and lastly (5) planning to care. Thus, all stakeholders, not only the government, or foundations are concerned with this issue, but the church needs to make a concrete contribution to this problem. Because Jesus interacted with the prostitutes and then changed their life.  They are also, the group of people that need to be saved. Keywords:  Pastoral care, Prostitute, trafficking, transparent communications, care, building relationship, postmodernism, saved.   Bibliography Adams, Edward & Horrell, G. David (2004). Christianity at Corinth:  The Quest for the Pauline church. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press.   Ammerman, Nancy T (1999).  Growing up Postmodern:  Imitating Christ in the age of "Whatever." Princeton:  Institute for Youth Ministry Princeton Theological Seminary.  Bauckhan, Richard (2002).  Gospel Women:  Studies of the named women in the gospels. Grand Rapids, Michigan:  Eerdmans Pub. Bauckhan, Richard (2003).  Bible and Mission:  Christian witness in a Postmodern World.  Grand Rapids, MI:  Baker.  Brake, Geraldine (1993). "Panama" in the Pastoral counseling in a global church. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books. Betan, Logo, & Dion (2020).  HIV Prevention Behaviour (condom use) among commercial sex workers based on health belief model.  Nursing update Journal ilmiah ilmu keperawatan.  Retrieved from https://sikes-nhm. E-journal.id/NU/index Blair, Allen J. (1994).  Living Victoriously:  When winning it All isn't Enough".  Kregel Pub. Cartwright, Mark, 2009. Corinth. Retrieved from worldhitory.org/Corinth/. Collins, John J. (2005).  The Bible after Babel:  historical criticism in a postmodern age. Grand Rapids, Michigan:  Eerdmans Cox, Harvey. (1966).  The secular city:  Secularization and urbanization in theological Perspective.  NY: The Macmillan Company Diogenes, Allen (1989).  Christian belief in a postmodern world:  the full wealth of conviction.  Louisville:  KY:  Westminster. Doehring, Carrie. (2015).   The practice of pastoral care: a postmodern approach. Kentucky: WJK press.  Francis, Leslie J., Peter Kaldor, Mandy Robbins, and Keith Castle (2005). "Happy but exhausted?  Work-related Psychological health among clergy."  Pastoral Sciences/Sciences pastorales 24 (2)., p 101-120 Garland, D. E. (2003). 1 Corinthians (p. 220). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Academic. Graham, Larry Kent (1992).  Care of persons, care of World: a psychosystems approach to pastoral care and counseling.  Nashville, TN: Abingdon.  Hiebert, Paul G. (2009). The Gospel in human contexts:  anthropological explorations for contemporary missions.  Grand Rapids, Mich:  Baker Academic.  Khairani (2019). InfoDATIN Pusat data dan Informasi kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (Data Information Center of Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia) ISSN 2442-7659. Kim, Enoch Jinsik (2017).  Mission strategy in the city.  Eugene, Oregon:  Pickwick Publications Lurie, M.N et all. (2003).  The impact of Migration on HIV-1 Transmission in Sout Africa:  A study of Migrant and Non-Migrant Men and Their Partners.  Sex Transmision, Dis. 30 p (149-156).  https://csde.washington.edu/downloads/Lurie_Migration_Impact_2003.pdf MacArthur, J. (1996).  1 Corinthians (p. 146).  Chicago:  Moody Press. May, A.S. (2004).  The body for the Lord:  sex and identity in 1 Corinthians 5-7 (Vol. 278, p. 94). New York:  T & T Clark International. Patton, John (1983).  Pastoral counseling:  A ministry of the church.  Nashville:  Abingdon Press. Rokhmah, Dewi (2014).  Implikasi mobilitas penduduk dan gaya hidup seksual terhadap penularan HIV/AIDS. Retrieved from https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/kemas/article/view/2847 Vol 9, No 2. Rynkiewich, Michael A. (2011).  Soul, self, and society:  A postmodern Anthropology for Mission in a pastcolonial world.  Eugene, Oregon:  Cascade Books.  Schulze, E., Canto, Mason, & Skalin, M. (2014).  Sexual exploitation and prostitution and its Impact on gender equality. European Parliament: Directorate-General for Internal Policies.  Soards, M.L. (2011).  1 Corinthians (p. 128).  Grand Rapids, MI:  Baker Books. Suryadinata, Arifin, & Ananta (2003).  Indonesia's Population:  Ethnicity and religion in a changing political landscape.  Singapore:  Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.  Suyanto, Bagong (2013).  “Child Trafficking and Industry sex global.” Global & Strategy, Th.7, No.1 January-June, 2013. p. 139-154 Turner, Cambon, Greenway, Delahunty, Miller (2000). Indonesia.  Hawthorn, Victoria:  Lonely Planet Publications.  Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2022-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/815 10.31154/ktr.v3i1.815.51-71 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022): Klabat Theological Review; 51-71 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v3i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/815/691 Copyright (c) 2022 James J Watopa

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APPLYING THE DISCIPLESHIP PRINCIPLES WITHIN PAUL EXPERIENCE TOWARD DIGITAL DISCIPLESHIP DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC Warouw, Winda Novita Discipleship Covid-19 The covid-19 pandemic has affected the world in so many ways, and discipleship is not to be excluded from it. Digital discipleship through three main elements (Content Creators, Distributors, and Engagers) is viewed as effective to help the process of discipleship prevail during the challenging time. Before and during the pandemic, the same issues are apparent: the lack of involvement, creativity, and knowledge. Several crucial aspects can be implemented from the experience of Paul to the present digital discipleship approach. Primarily, the content creators may create Christ-centered content, be aware of people’s challenges and relate it to the content, and make sure that the content will undergo creative development. Moreover, the distributors should be consistent in presenting Christ, deny self in sharing the content, and should go through a spiritual transformation themselves. Lastly, the engagers may implement Jesus’ way of touching lives, be ever-aware of the hardships that may come their way, and always improve their engagement to pursue progress in one’s spiritual life. Keywords: Discipleship, Covid-19   Bibliography Allam, Z. (2020). Surveying the COVID-19 Pandemic and its Implications: Urban Health, Data Technology, and Political Economy. Amsterdam, Netherlands Cambridge, MA: Elsevier. Barton, B. B., & Osborne, G. R. (1999). 1 & 2 Corinthians. Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale House. Costea, N. (2020). 19 Covid Lessons the Church Cannot Ignore: Why “Back to Normal” Is Not an Option. Evangelista Media. Downey, M. (2000). The New Dictionary of Catholic Spirituality. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. Domm, J. (2020). Digital Discipleship & Evangelism (1st ed.). AdventSource. Elwell, W. A., (1997). Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology (electronic ed.). Grand Rapids: Baker Book House. Evans, A. T. (1997). What Matters Most: Four Absolute Necessities in Following Christ. Chicago: Moody Press Fink, P. E. (2000). The New Dictionary of Sacramental Worship. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. Gorday, L., Village, A.  & Lawson, S. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on Fragile Churches: Is the Rural Situation Really Different. Rural Theology, 18:2. Gorday, P. (2000). Colossians, 1-2 Thessalonians, 1-2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press. Hawthorne, G. F., Martin, R. P., & Reid, D. G. (1993). Dictionary of Paul and His Letters. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. Hunt, J. (2019). The Digital Way: Re-imagining Digital Discipleship in The Age of Social Media. Journal of Youth and Theology, 18. Jones, P. (2003). Capturing the Pagan Mind: Paul’s Blueprint for Thinking and Living in the New Global Culture. Nashville, Tenn.: Broadman & Holman. Lea, T. D., & Black, D. A. (2003). The New Testament: Its Background and Message. Nashville, Tenn.: Broadman & Holman Publishers. Terry, J. M., Smith, E. C., & Anderson, J. (1998). Missiology: An Introduction to the Foundations, History, and Strategies of World Missions. Nashville, Tenn.: Broadman & Holman Publishers. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2022-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/816 10.31154/ktr.v3i1.816.34-43 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022): Klabat Theological Review; 34-43 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v3i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/816/689 Copyright (c) 2022 Winda Novita Warouw

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Paul’s Transformation Leadership Behavior in the Letter to Titus Harwanto, Budi transformational leadership Paul Titus Leadership is an essential tool to fulfill the objectives of church ministry and mission. Among several leadership styles, transformation leadership behavior is one of effective model to be implemented in the church. Since most of the transformational leadership discussion has focused secular organization context, it needs to construct a biblical foundation and its implication for the church organization setting. This study applies both theoretical review and biblical analysis that based on the Paul’s letter to Titus. The review of literature shows that theories on transformational leadership supports the characteristics of Paul’s leadership style. Paul develops a personal connection with Titus and this presents transformational leadership principles. Paul displays individual consideration by considering Titus as his true son in faith and as a vital co-worker instead of a general follower. Although Titus has some weaknesses as a young leader, the influence of his mentor encourages him to do his leadership tasks. Moreover, Paul inspired Titus to be a faithful minister of God. He motivated him with a clear vision of the ministry by providing a good church leadership to face challenges. The blessed hope of eternal life became a great encouragement for Titus in dealing with critical situations. Finally, Paul stimulated Titus to teach the Cretan congregation true sound doctrine. Through intellectual stimulation, Titus is encouraged to study the word of God carefully and apply it. Consequently, by applying the model of Paul’s leadership, Titus was being productive leader to the Cretan community of faith. Thus, an application in church arena helps the church progressively conform to Christ’s image. Church leaders’ behavior motivates church members to consistently grow in church community. Keywords: transformational leadership, Paul, Titus.   Bibliography Adams, Anthony Wayne. Shepherd leadership of Church of God pastors and how this relates to ministerial effectiveness (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3570373), 2013. Banks, Robert J. & Ledbetter, Bernice M. Reviewing leadership: A Christian evaluation of current approaches. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2016. Barbuto, John E. Jr., & Wheeler, Daniel W. Scale development and construct clarification of servant leadership. Group & Organization Management, 31(3), 300-326. doi:10.1177/1059601106287091, 2006, 302. Bass, Bernard M. Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York, NY: Free, 1985. Bell,  Skip. A time to serve: Church leadership for the 21st century. Lincoln, NE: Advent Source, 2003. Blackaby, Henry T. & Blackaby, Richard. Spiritual leadership: Moving people on to God’s agenda, Nashville, TN: B&H, 2001. Burns, James M. Leadership. New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1978. Çoğaltay, Nazim. Conceptual perspectives on leadership. In E. Karadăg (Ed.), Leadership and organizational outcomes: Meta-analysis of empirical studies (pp. 1-18). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14908-0_1, 2015. Covey, Stephen R. The 8th habit: From effectiveness to greatness. New York, NY: Free, 2004. Doukhan, Jacques B. The creation narrative. In S. Bell (Ed.), Servants & friends: Biblical theology of leadership (pp. 31-47). Berrien Springs, MI: Andrews University, 2014. Elliston, Edgar J. Leadership theory. In A. S. Moreau, H. Netland, & C. van Engen (Eds.), Evangelical dictionary of world missions (pp. 567-568). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2000. George, Jennifer and Jones, Gareth. Understanding and managing organizational behavior (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2012. Harwanto, Budi. The mediating role of disciple-making process in the relationship of transformational leadership behavior, church ministry programs, and church membership retention (Doctoral dissertations). Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies, Silang Cavite, Philippines, 2016. Kouzes, James M. & Posner, Barry Z. Leadership is a relationship. In J. M. Kouzes &  B. Z. Posner (Eds.), Christian reflections on the leadership challenge (pp. 119-126). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2004. Lea, Thomas D. & Griffin, Hayne P. 1, 2 Timothy, Titus: The New American commentary. Nashville, TN: Broadman, 1992. Liefeld, Walter L. 1 & 2 Timothy/Titus: The NIV Application Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999. Malphurs, Aubrey & Mancini, Will. Building Leaders: Blueprints for Developing Leadership at Every Level of Your Church. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2004. McConnel, Douglas. Leadership. In A. S. Moreau, H. Netland, & C. van Engen (Eds.), Evangelical dictionary of world missions (pp. 565-567). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2000. Mounce, William D. Pastoral Epistles. In R. P. Martin (Ed.), Word Biblical Bommentary (Vol. 46, pp. 1-786). Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 2000. Northouse, Peter G. Leadership: Theory and practice (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2021. Schermerhorn Jr, John R., Hunt, James G., Osborn, Richard N., & Uhl-Bien, Mary. Organizational behavior (11th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2010. Scuderi, Noelle F. Servant leadership and transformational leadership in church organizations (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3413541), 2010. Srithongrung, Arwiphawee. The causal relationships among transformational leadership, organizational commitment, and employee effectiveness. International Journal of Public Administration, 34(6), 376-388. doi:10.1080/01900692.2011.569917, 2011. Stowell, Joseph M. Shepherding the church: Effective spiritual leadership in a changing culture. (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1997. Tilstra, Doug, Peter: A narrative of transformation. In S. Bell (Ed.), Servants & friends: Biblical theology of leadership (pp. 291-307). Berrien Springs, MI: Andrews University, 2014. Treston, Kevin. Creative Christian leadership: Skill for more effective ministry, Mystic, CT: Twenty-Third, 1995. Whiterington III, Ben. Letters and homilies for Hellenized Christian: A socio-rhetorical commentary on Titus, 1-2 Timothy, and 1-3 John (Vol. 1). Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2006. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2022-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/817 10.31154/ktr.v3i1.817.21-33 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022): Klabat Theological Review; 21-33 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v3i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/817/688 Copyright (c) 2022 Budi Harwanto

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The Relationship Between Pastoral Services and Church Members’ Worship Activeness in Canaan SDA Church Kasingku, Juwinner Dedy Obed, Syepi pastoral ministry church members’ activeness worship The purpose of this quantitative study is to determine whether there is a link between pastoral ministry and church members’ worship participation in Canaan Airmadidi Seventh-day Adventist Church. Using the convenience sampling method, a questionnaire was distributed to 100 baptist members of the Canaan Airmadidi Seventh-day Adventist church. This research demonstrates that the pastor devotes a significant amount of time to ministering to the people of this church. Furthermore, the congregation's participation in worship is very high. It means that the church members are always involved in church services. Likewise, there is a positive and significant correlation between the pastoral ministry and the activeness of the church members in the worship program in the Canaan Airmadidi Seventh-day Adventist Church. Keywords: pastoral ministry; church members’ activeness; worship Bibliography Berhitu John, Peran Gembala Jemaat, Jurnal Jaffray, Vol. 12, No. 2, Oktober 2014. Ginger, Evans, Learning, Violence, and the Social Structure of Value, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8676.2006.tb00038.x. Gultom Elia, Elia Moderen. Bandung: Indonesia Publising House, 2009. Hutabarat, Leonard, Hubungan pengembalaan dengan pelayanan, 2010, Taken from: http://hubungan-pengenbalaan-dengan pelayanan.blogspot.co.id/. Kusnandar, Yotam, T, Khotbah adalah seni berkomunikasi. Vol. 5o, 18, 2017. Murtiningsih, Enung, Peran Pendeta Dalam Penggembalaan Umum Di Jemaat Gki Klasis Yogyakarta, 2009, Taken from http://sinta.ukdw.ac.id. Pardede, S. R.  Sikap Seorang Pelayan, 2012. Taken from: http://bejanaindah.blogspot. co.id/2012/04/hamba-atau-tuan-sikap-seorang-pelayan.html. Pardos, Milton, Pengaruh Kualitas Kepemimpinan Dan Kerohanian Seorang Pendeta Dalam Meningkatkan Kualitas Kerohanian, Pelayanan Dan Jumlah Baptisan Di GMAHK Kota Palembang, Jurnal Kanonia. 5, (1), 2013. Peraturan Jemaat, Bandung: Indonesia Publising House, 2005. Price, C, Saran-Saran Praktis Untuk Pelayanan Yang Berhasil Jakarta: Immanuel, 1993. Senduk,  Ho Lukas, Pedoman Pelayanan Pendeta, Jakarta:Yayasan Bethel, 2008. Tandiassa, Samuel, Kepemimpinan Gereja Lokal, Yogyakarta: Moriel, 2010. White, Ellen, Pelayanan Injil. Bandung: Indonesia Publising House, 1995. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2022-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/818 10.31154/ktr.v3i1.818.44-50 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022): Klabat Theological Review; 44-50 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v3i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/818/690 Copyright (c) 2022 Juwinner Dedy Kasingku, Syepi Obed

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CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN FAMILY: JESUS MODEL Lumingkewas, Edwin Melky Conflict Resolution Family Conflict is something that is integral to humanity. Everybody are facing conflict. Conflict is defined as a social interaction when two or more person or group have a similar desire which is short in supply. There are several types of conflict.  Those types can be include in intra-personal, interpersonal, intra group, and intergroup conflict.  There are five level of conflict.  First, when two person have different perspective, but understand other position and do not have feeling of discomfort. Second is misunderstanding, it is when two person have uncommon understanding about certain situation. Third is when two person see a situation differently and each party feel discomfort at the other. Forth is discord, at this level conflict has reached level where relationship between parties has damaged. And the last is polarization, there is severe negative emotions and behavior with no hope for reconciliation among parties. Keywords: Conflict Resolution, Family.   References Albrecht, G. J., & Albrecht, M. J. (1996). Matthew. The People's Bible (260). Milwaukee, Wis.: Northwestern Pub. House. Bheshtifar, M. & Zare, E. (2013). Interpersonal Conflict: A Substantial Factor to Organizational FailureInternational Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences May 2013, Vol. 3, No. 5 p. 354-361 Carpenter, M., Bauer, T., & Erdogan, B. (n.d) Principles of Management and Organizational behavior. http://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/reader /2199?e=bauer-ch10_s02. Retrieved September 2014 Donais, B (2006) http://www.mediate.com/articles/donaisB2.cfm Retrieved, 5 September 2014 Anderson, D. (2012). The Role of the Family, http://www.payh.org/the-role-of-the-family/   retrieved 3.2. 15 Evans, A. T. (2000). The best is yet to come: Bible prophecies through the ages. Includes indexes. (58). Chicago: Moody Press. Gardner, R. B. (1991). Matthew. Believers church Bible commentary (53). Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press. Gelfan, M. J., Robert D. Pritcharrd (ed.) (2008). The Psychology of Conflict and Conflict Management in Organizations, New York: NY: Taylor & Francis. Naarm (2014). http://www.naarm.ernet.in/virtual/conflict_management1.htm, retrieved, 13 July 2014 http://www.prosci.com/change-management/definition/  Retrieved September 9th 2014 Jeong, H. W. (2010), Conflict Management and Resolution: An introduction, Oxon: UK, Routledge.  Kinnander, M. (2011), Conflict Management: How to Manage Functional Conflicts within Project Teams, Gothenburg Sweden. Chalmer University of technology p.4 Rahim, M. A. (2001), Managing Conflict in Organization, Westport, CT. Quorum Books. Runde, E. R. & Flanagan, T. A. (2008), Building Conflict Competent Teams, San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons Straks, J. (2006). Reduce Stress and Improve Outcomes: A Conflict Management Primer for Business Leaders.  http://www.mediate.com/articles/straksJ1.cfm  Retrieved September 2014. White, E. G. (1898; 2002). The Desire of Ages; Conflict of the Ages Series, Vol. 3; Washington, DC: Pacific Press. Whyte, A. (2011). Bible Characters - The New Testament. Joseph Kreifels. Publisher: London: Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier (April 2011) Publication Date: 1896 Wiersbe, W. W. (1996, c1989). The Bible exposition commentary. "An exposition of the New Testament comprising the entire 'BE' series"--Jkt. (Mt 4:1). Wheaton, Ill.: Victor Books. Saadia Dildar, Aisha Sitwat, and Sumaira Yasin (2013). Intimate Enemies: Marital Conflicts and Conflict Resolution Styles in Dissatisfied Married Couples. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 15 (10).  Idosi Publication. DOI 10.5829/idosii.mejsr.2013.15.10.11581. p. 1433-1439 http://www.healthychildren.org/English/family-life/family-dynamics/Pages/Roles-Within-the-Family.aspx American Academy Pediatrics (2014). Roles within the Family. http://www.healthychildren.org/English/family-life/family-dynamics/Pages /Roles-Within-the-Family.aspx Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2022-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/824 10.31154/ktr.v3i2.824.87-105 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2022): Klabat Theological Review; 87-105 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v3i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/824/694

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Preaching to the Empty Pew: The Lived Experiences in Preaching among Seventh-day Adventist Pastors during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Singapore Kaumpungan, Margihon Bayu Putra Homiletics Pastors COVID-19 Pandemic Technology Preaching is fundamental to the ministry of a pastor. It is the heart of pastoral service anywhere. Challenges in preaching and novel approaches in homiletical arts have been extensively studied. However, the COVID-19 pandemic brought a new paradigm to the field of homiletics that is worthy of investigation. This study is a pilot project investigating the experience of Seventh-day Adventist pastors preaching during the pandemic. The loss of human interaction, adaptation to technology, the change of duration, and emerging personal stress due to numerous limitations in preaching during the pandemic are the experience that participants expressed in the study. These findings highlight the need for balancing the dynamic relationship between humans and technology while providing a reminder of one the most critical aspect of homiletics, and that is the preacher themselves. Keywords: Homiletics, Pastors, COVID-19 Pandemic, Technology Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2022-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/868 10.31154/ktr.v3i2.868.116-126 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2022): Klabat Theological Review; 116-126 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v3i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/868/746 Copyright (c) 2022 Margihon Bayu Putra Kaumpungan

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THE BIBLICAL PRINCIPLES AND IMPLICATIONS OF MISSION IN THE LIFE OF PAUL ON DEALING WITH THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC Warouw, Winda Novita Mission Pandemic Through this study missiological of the biblical record, it is proved that: (1) The church is not immune to the challenges surfaced during the pandemic especially in evangelism; (2) There are biblical perspectives that can be implemented in mission for instance, before his repentance, Paul was a passionate man which indicates a passion that should be possessed by the mission workers today and, after his repentance Paul showed his consistency in his eagerness and the theme in his theology is the mission to the gentiles based in Christ’s love; and (3) There is a couple of practical implications found in this research: (a) Paul was able to be confident in all kinds of people which indicate that the present-day missionaries should be acquainted with the people that they’re going to reach; (b) Just as Paul encountered small and huge problems, the various challenges resulted by the pandemic should be overcome by the mission workers today; (c) It is evident through Paul’s ministry that challenges doesn’t always come from the outside of the church, therefore, the issues from the inside the church should be addressed in mission today during the pandemic; (d) Lastly, it is important to base any efforts of mission today on the Bible only as did Paul in his ministry. Keywords: Mission, Pandemic. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2022-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/889 10.31154/ktr.v3i2.889.106-115 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2022): Klabat Theological Review; 106-115 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v3i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/889/743 Copyright (c) 2022 Winda Novita Warouw

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ADVENTISM AND MILITARY SERVICES: AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, WORLD WAR I, AND WORLD WAR II Kelendonu, Michael Andrew God’s law military service noncombatant service principle The Adventist Church's history demonstrates that it may survive significant conflicts by using noncombatant service. As a Member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, sometimes have to meet the challenge of conscription as the country is going through a crisis. Violence is not by God's word and is contrary to the concept of God's love. But on the other hand, church members must be good citizens. Therefore, the principle that must be upheld by every member of the church is to remain loyal to the country's constitution as long as it does not violate God's law. However, the church is not recommended that members volunteer for military service. Yet, Adventists can provide support through prayer, medical assistance, and food, provide space for the homeless, and actively spread the call for peace. Keywords: God’s law, military service, noncombatant service, principle Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2022-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/938 10.31154/ktr.v3i2.938.127-136 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2022): Klabat Theological Review; 127-136 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v3i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/938/797 Copyright (c) 2022 Michael Andrew Kelendonu

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I HAVE BEGOTTEN YOU: PSALM 2:6-7 Kabanga, Hokgie Kurniawan begotten I have begotten you incarnation messiah jesus son of god poetic literature psalm 2:6-7 An accurate understanding of the yā∙lǎḏ ‘to beget’ and its original meaning as used in Psalm 2:7 may provide insight into a significant question: What is the significance of yülidTîºkä ‘I have begotten you’ in God’s salvific plan and what are the implications?  This study seeks the biblical concept of the term ‘begotten’ in Psalm 2:7 and the theological implications which arise from a full understanding of the yülidTîºkä concept as the Psalmist uses it.  As an exegetical and contextual study of yülidTîºkä may carry dynamic implications, this analysis reviews the authorship and dating of the Psalm, the genre, and the theme of the book.  It discusses the literature structure, the grammatical study, the intertextual analysis, and the theology of the issue. Keywords: begotten, I have begotten you, incarnation, messiah, jesus, son of god, poetic literature, psalm 2:6-7 Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2022-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/939 10.31154/ktr.v3i2.939.151-165 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2022): Klabat Theological Review; 151-165 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v3i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/939/799 Copyright (c) 2022 Hokgie Kurniawan Kabanga

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Basic Issue of Child Sacrifice in The Abraham’s Trial: An Exegetical Study of Genesis 22:2 Gosal, Fellix child sacrifice Abraham’s trial covenant promise son promise land Abraham’s trial in Genesis 22 provokes inquiry into the matter of child sacrifice. The divine command in Genesis 22:3 consists of three imperatives that significantly contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the command. While the initial imperative designates Isaac as the direct object, the third imperative does not directly involve Isaac. Conversely, the employment of a chiastic structure emphasizes that the central focus of God’s command resides in the second imperative, which pertains to the journey towards the land revealed by God – an aspect intimately linked to the initial encounter between Abraham and God. Consequently, the command issued in Genesis 22 should not be interpreted within the framework of child sacrifice, but rather as a test of Abraham’s faith and a reaffirmation of God’s covenant with him and the Israelites. Keywords: child sacrifice, Abraham’s trial, covenant, promise son, promise land Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2022-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/959 10.31154/ktr.v3i2.959.137-150 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2022): Klabat Theological Review; 137-150 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v3i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/959/798 Copyright (c) 2022 Fellix Gosal

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NEBUCHADNEZZAR II AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SUBSTANTIATION OF NEO-BABYLONIAN EMPIRE Gosal, Fellix Neo-Babylonian Empire Nebuchadnezzar Biblical Archaeology The ancient Neo-Babylonian Empire has made significant contributions to the field of archaeology, particularly within the Mesopotamian region. The zenith of this kingdom’s prosperity is notably chronicled in the Book of Daniel within the Old Testament. In Daniel 4:30, King Nebuchadnezzar arrogantly acknowledges himself as the architect behind the magnificent city. While certain assertions suggest that the initiation of this construction project may have commenced under his predecessor, King Nabopolassar, a comprehensive examination of the Aramaic term “bena” is indispensable for a nuanced comprehension of the biblical narrative. Keyword: Neo-Babylonian Empire, Nebuchadnezzar, Biblical Archaeology. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2024-02-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1070 10.31154/ktr.v4i1.1070.1-12 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024): Klabat Theological Review; 1-12 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v4i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1070/893 Copyright (c) 2024 Fellix Gosal

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AN UNDERSTANDING OF GOD’S COMMAND FOR ISRAELITES “YOU SHALL NOT LEAVE ANYTHING THAT BREATHES ALIVE” IN DEUTERONOMY 20:16: AN EXEGETICAL STUDY Kelendonu, Michael Andrew Gosal, Fellix Israelites Canaanites Love Justice sixth-commandment God's love is evident in all that He does. God's only actions were to demonstrate to the Israelites the wickedness of sin and to keep them living in righteousness. Chapter 20 of the book of Deuteronomy covers laws about the sixth commandment. The infallibility of the Bible is called into question in several places, most notably in Deuteronomy 20:16, when God commands the killing of all Canaanites, including women and children. God gives the order to exterminate every person living in the Canaan region. The term "עִיר" solely refers to the cities that are part of the Canaan area, not all the places they will traverse. The phrase's common meaning also aids in understanding the village and all of its residents in addition to the city, which is a sizable area. In the end, human choice determines whether they live or not. In the context of this verse, Israel must either choose to disobey God's Word or learn to rely on God to enjoy the intrinsic, which is the Promised Land. God's love and justice are assurances of His concern for His people. Keywords: Israelites, Canaanites, Love, Justice, sixth-commandment Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2024-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1118 10.31154/ktr.v4i2.1118.83-99 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024): Klabat Theological Review; 83-99 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v4i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1118/963 Copyright (c) 2024 Michael Andrew Kelendonu, Fellix Gosal

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AN EVALUATION OF THE BOOK LAUDATO SI FROM THE SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH PERSPECTIVE Kelendonu, Michael Andrew Pasuhuk, Suryanica Aristas Laudato Si Ecological issue Sunday Eschatological Laudato Si, which translates to "Praise to be you," is a Latin expression. The work of literature Laudato Si by Pope Francis, primarily centers on the existence of an ecological concern. The scripture foretells that the mark of the beast will be given to those who refuse to worship God on the final day and are “united.” One approach that does not generate much debate for starting "the efforts to establish a one-world government" is the treatment of environmental issues. This book implies several things, including the necessity of Sunday being a rest day, honoring Mary especially, and redemption via deeds, to bring humanity together while addressing environmental challenges. By giving Laudato Si a critical evaluation, readers can bring attention to contemporary challenges like ecological issues that have theological implications for the church and society, completing the eschatological perspective of the end times. Keywords: Laudato Si, Ecological issue, Sunday, Eschatological. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2024-02-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1136 10.31154/ktr.v4i1.1136.13-25 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024): Klabat Theological Review; 13-25 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v4i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1136/894 Copyright (c) 2024 Michael Andrew Kelendonu, Suryanica Aristas Pasuhuk

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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WORD “FELLOWSHIP” IN 1 JOHN Woy, Jones Ted Lauda fellowship communal participation partnership The epistle of John begins with a prologue instead of a traditional epistolary opening, linking it to the Gospel and introducing the concept of fellowship (Greek: koinōnia), which encompasses communion, participation, and partnership both with God and among believers. John's intent is to invite readers into the fellowship of the apostles, eyewitnesses to Jesus' life, as seen in 1 John 1:3 and reiterated in 5:13 to assure them of eternal life. This paper argues that fellowship in 1 John is inherently communal, challenging interpretations that view it as individualistic. Keywords: fellowship, communal, participation, partnership. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2024-02-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1137 10.31154/ktr.v4i1.1137.26-40 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024): Klabat Theological Review; 26-40 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v4i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1137/895 Copyright (c) 2024 Jones Ted Lauda Woy

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THE THORN IN THE FLESH: A PAULINE VIEW OF SUFFERING IN 2 CORINTHIANS 12:7 Cardona, Christian D. Woy, Jones Ted Lauda Thorn Flesh Suffering Christian This paper seeks to uncover the spiritual lesson Paul intended to convey through the expression "a thorn in the flesh" in 2 Corinthians 12:7. While much discussion has centered on the nature of this thorn, this study emphasizes its purpose and function within Paul's message. By examining the broader context of 2 Corinthians and focusing specifically on 12:7, the paper aims to reveal the deeper spiritual insights Paul was imparting to his audience. Keywords: Thorn, Flesh, Suffering, Christian. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2024-02-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1138 10.31154/ktr.v4i1.1138.41-52 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024): Klabat Theological Review; 41-52 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v4i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1138/896 Copyright (c) 2024 Christian D. Cardona, Jones Ted Lauda Woy

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CHURCH BUILDING AND WORSHIP Tauran, Edgar W. M. Harwanto, Budi worship church building spirituality Worship is essential for Christians because it is an expression of the relationship between the people as creation and God as their creator. Some people assume that the act of worship is more focused on what is done in the worship service than the place where they worship. On the other hand, some argue that the place of worship is important because it affects the quality of the worship itself. This article attempts to present how the Bible provides descriptions of the relationship between worship and the place of worship from various times. A qualitative research method by investigating related literature has been conducted. The findings of this study provide that God's people have specific places of devotion and refer to one specific place that can be accessed in group devotion.  The people of God have also built proper places of worship to worship their Lord and Savior that can fulfill spiritual needs. In construction of the church building should consider the theological value of the building in revealing truth, beliefs and philosophy of the church. Keywords: worship, church building, spirituality. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2024-02-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1139 10.31154/ktr.v4i1.1139.53-62 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024): Klabat Theological Review; 53-62 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v4i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1139/897 Copyright (c) 2024 Edgar W. M. Tauran, Budi Harwanto

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ECOLOGY IN THE SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH Legrants, Veren Julian Pasuhuk, Suryanica Aristas SDA church Ecology Stewardship Environment This article discusses the ecological views of the Seventh-day Adventist Church (SDA) through a historical perspective from its early pioneers to the 21st century. The SDA church showed concern for the environment from the beginning, with an emphasis on vegetarian lifestyles, country/rural living, and human responsibility as stewards of God. The theological basis of environmental stewardship in the SDA church is based on the biblical concept of humanity's role as the image and likeness of God. This article covers the ecological views of the SDA church in times of climate crisis, where the SDA church officially voices concern and proposes theological views regarding human responsibility in addressing climate change. In conclusion, the SDA church upholds the principle of environmental stewardship as an integral part of their religious life and practice and plays an active role in safeguarding and maintaining God's creation. Keywords: SDA church, Ecology, Stewardship, Environment Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2024-02-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1140 10.31154/ktr.v4i1.1140.63-73 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024): Klabat Theological Review; 63-73 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v4i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1140/898 Copyright (c) 2024 Veren Julian Legrants, Suryanica Aristas Pasuhuk

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Homosexual Orientation in Marriage: A Reason for Divorce? Chrissutianto, Donny homosexual divorce marriage sexual orientation The number of homosexuals in Seventh Day Adventist Church has increased since 1980. It becomes a problem for the church until it was discussed and decided that this practice may as a reason for divorce. However, there is no hint if the case is homosexual in practice. If there is a problem in a newly couple that just married and in the very day one spouse says that he or she has the homosexual orientation what should be done with this couple. Is this confessing could be used as a reason for divorce? There should be a solution for the couple to handle this problem. The Bible clearly rejected homosexuality practices. To help the couple who has problem with homosexuality orientation in marriage, the principles of Bible and Spirit of prophecy should be utilized. This article attempts to expose these principles and helps to restore the proper sexual orientation that a couple should have in marriage.        Keywords: homosexual; divorce; marriage; sexual orientation Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2020-08-23 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1197 10.31154/ktr.v1i1.461.1-12 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2020): Klabat Theological Review; 1-12 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v1i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1197/924

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The Theological-Eschatological Implications of Name Michael in Jude Javien, Rico Taga Michael devil Moses contending conflict struggle apostasy the great controversy The pastoral epistle of Jude is shrouded with rich theological significance, in spite of its shortness. Theological themes like order of salvation, faith, mission, worship, judgment, great controversy, second coming, and the end of the world, and others are interwoven in the fabric of Jude. It means that Jude starts with protology and ends with climactic and cosmic victorious eschatology, particularly the resurrection of the righteous.             The sudden appearance of Michael, the Archangel heightens the conflict in Jude. Scholars from the different camps admit Jude 9 where Michael appears in contending the devil over the body of Moses, is the most perplexing text in the entire epistle. Jesus Christ eschatological name is: Michael. The name is so significant particularly in the conflict of Moses’ resurrection to glory. Satan by all means struggled to prevent him to be resurrected and taken from his territory, for he claimed Moses belonged to his kingdom because he was a sinner.             In epistle of Jude the great controversy does not end of the temporal life, the physical death but even extended until the day of resurrection. Whenever, Michael is referred to in the Bible, are all in the contexts of intense violence, war, death, hopelessness and resurrection and triumph. Michael is the heavenly warrior who defends victoriously for His people who will end the great controversy in grandest victory, is indeed the highlight of Jude’s eschatology.     Keywords: Michael; devil; Moses; contending; conflict; struggle; apostasy; the great controversy Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2020-08-23 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1198 10.31154/ktr.v1i1.462.13-23 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2020): Klabat Theological Review; 13-23 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v1i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1198/925

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The Significance of tabnith in the Context of Correspondence of Heavenly and Earthly Sanctuary in Exodus 25:9, 40 Abin, Blasius pattern heavenly sanctuary earthly sanctuary The picture of the heavenly sanctuary/temple is that of a model for the construction of the earthly counterpart. This understanding is conveyed mainly by the concept of תַּבְנִ֣ית, “pattern, form, or model” in Exod 25:9, 40 or σκιά, “shadow” in Heb 8:5, or ὑπόδειγμα, “copy” in Heb 9:23, 24. It reveals that the heavenly sanctuary functions as the archetype of the earthly temple. In the context of the book of Exodus, תַּבְנִ֣ית functions as the model of the sanctuary Moses was to build on the earth. Moses was probably shown the heavenly sanctuary and a “model” of what he had to build upon the earth. The תַּבְנִ֣ית thus presupposes an original reality and, at the same time, also suggests an idiomatic correspondence between the heavenly sanctuary and its earthly counterpart. Keywords: pattern; heavenly sanctuary; earthly sanctuary Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2020-08-23 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1199 10.31154/ktr.v1i1.463.24-32 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2020): Klabat Theological Review; 24-32 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v1i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1199/926

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Clapping In Seventh-Day Adventist Worship Wauran, Max H. clapping applaus worship praise Clapping is considered as a media of praise and thanks in Christian worship. Some give space to this practice while other reject it. This article tried to identify the biblical foundation of these ideas, and was carried out through the following phases: formulating the problem, preparing the title, and searching the related supporting materials in the library research and electronic facilities. The research focused on three main aspects: the clapping in the Bible, the Christian and practice of clapping in worship services, and clapping in Seventh-day Adventist Church.  It is found that there is no Bible text and theological evidence which support the practice of clapping in the place of worship, in other words clapping in the church services is unbiblical, and for this reason clapping in Seventh-day Adventists worship services is not necessary. Instead of clapping, the use of amen is suggested in responding the message or musical presentation. Since clapping has become controversial issue in Adventist worship services, the church leaders need to instruct and guide the church members to the right understanding of clapping.   Keywords: clapping; applaus; worship; praise Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2020-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1200 10.31154/ktr.v1i1.464.33-48 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2020): Klabat Theological Review; 33-48 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v1i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1200/927

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Contextualized Tirakat Form to Christian Spiritual Formation among Javanese Harwanto, Budi tirakat discipleship spiritual formation Javanese congregation Tirakat is an important part in Javanese culture. It points to a spiritual path in a sense of a method of a spiritual practice. The ways of tirakat have been an element of the culture for centuries. It is for this situation that evangelizing and nurturing newly non-Christian Javanese converted have been a challenge for Adventist ministry. This research attempts to seek an answer of the church which is expected to find some strategies for nurturing the members from Javanese culture background. The new converts are isolated from their background and stay in a new culture in the church. Consequently, some of the new members cannot survive in the new culture, custom, and rituals. This study addresses the issue of contextualized tirakat form to spiritual formation as a part of discipling new members in the local church. An analysis of both theological-biblical and cultural practice indicates that some elements of the tirakat ritual are strongly correlated with the Christian spiritual formation. The tirakat form can be contextualized in the spiritual formation form to experience spiritual growth.  By giving a new meaning and modified form the believers are able to keep the tirakat ritual based on the Scriptures teaching. An evaluation of tirakat practice found some positive elements which can be continued to the form of Christian formation. However, the negative aspects need functional substitutes or discontinued. Through the worldview transformation the tirakat form as spiritual formation activity will lead the Javanese congregation to have good spiritual growth, strong faith, and ability to involve in the church mission and ministry.   Keywords: tirakat; discipleship; spiritual formation; Javanese congregation Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2020-08-23 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1201 10.31154/ktr.v1i1.465.49-62 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2020): Klabat Theological Review; 49-62 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v1i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1201/928

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HEBREW GRAMMATICAL EXPRESSION AND ANALYSIS OF PSALM 1:1-3 Gosal, Fellix Biblical Hebrew Psalm 1 morphological analysis pericope analysis syntactical analysis Hebrew Grammar Biblical Poetry Exegesis Torah This article presents a thorough morphological examination of Psalm 1:1-3, focusing on the grammatical terms used in Hebrew in these passages. The study employs word analysis methodology, investigating the root, affixes, verb forms, and particle usage of each term. Through close examination of the text, the study unveils subtleties of meaning that add to the psalm’s overall meaning and literary mastery. The study illustrates the depth of Biblical Hebrew morphology and shows how this morphological method improves our comprehension of the psalm’s meaning. The word comprises a sentence analysis based on Hebrew accent marks as well as a pericope analysis that splits the material into three portions. This thorough analysis provides insights into the blessings of the righteous as they are described in Psalm 1:1-3, leading to a translation that reflects a depth of the Hebrew linguistic structures. Keyword: Biblical Hebrew, Psalm 1, morphological analysis, pericope analysis, syntactical analysis, Hebrew grammar, biblical poetry, exegesis, Torah. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2024-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1203 10.31154/ktr.v4i2.1203.112-145 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024): Klabat Theological Review; 112-145 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v4i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1203/965 Copyright (c) 2024 Fellix Gosal

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THE SABBATH COMMANDMENTS IN EXODUS 20 AND DEUTERONOMY 5: COMPARATIVE STUDY Kelendonu, Michael Andrew Pasuhuk, Suryanica Aristas Sabbath salvation slavery commandments Exodus Deuteronomy One of the fundamental ideas that guided the establishment of the Seventh-day Adventist Church movement was the Sabbath doctrine. In Exodus 20, the Israelites were explicitly given the mandate to observe the Sabbath holy. as a day of rest to honor the completion of creation by God.  Verse 11 lists the reasons for keeping the Sabbath holy and commemorated, which are consistent with Genesis 2:2. Nevertheless, Deuteronomy 5 also has a comparable command. The Sabbath was instituted to remind people of their salvation and to allow them to reflect on their deliverance from slavery while they rested in the goodness of their God. Exodus 20:11 and Deuteronomy 5:15 complement each other when it comes to the reasons why the Sabbath should be kept, despite their discrepancies. The way the Ten Commandments are rephrased in Deuteronomy adds to the significance of the Sabbath. Consequently, rather than contradicting one another, these two passages reinforce one another. Keywords: Sabbath, salvation, slavery, commandments, Exodus, Deuteronomy Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2024-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1221 10.31154/ktr.v4i2.1221.74-82 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024): Klabat Theological Review; 74-82 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v4i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1221/962 Copyright (c) 2024 Michael Andrew Kelendonu, Suryanica Aristas Pasuhuk

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PRAISE THE LORD IN PSALM 150:1-3 Woy, Jones Ted Lauda Tauran, Edgar Willem Melko Psalm Worship Music Hallelujah The book of Psalms, or Psalter, contains some of the most cherished Bible passages, derived from its title in the Septuagint as Psalmoi, meaning songs to be sung with stringed instruments. It is attributed to various authors, including David, Asaph, Korah, Moses, Heman, Ethan, Solomon, and Jeduthun. This study aims to explore the possible meanings and translations of the text by applying morphological and syntactical analyses. It will examine the context, the role and function of the text, analyze each word's lexical meaning, and ultimately provide a literal translation and interpretation based on these findings. Keywords: Psalm, Worship, Music, Hallelujah. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2024-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1222 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024): Klabat Theological Review; 100-111 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v4i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1222/964 Copyright (c) 2024 Jones Ted Lauda Woy, Edgar Willem Melko Tauran

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THE WEST BITUNG SEVENTH DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH MEMBERS VIEW ON SABBATH-KEEPING Masengi, Randy Lumingkewas, Edwin Sabbath Conservative Moderate SDA West Bitung The Sabbath is one of the doctrines of the Seventh Day Adventist (SDA) Church and Sabbath observance is a hallmark of SDA Church members. Members of the SDA Church in West Bitung  have different views regarding Sabbath observance. The purpose of this study is to look at the Biblical basis of Sabbath observance; to know the understanding of conservative, moderate, and liberal views regarding Sabbath observance; and to find out the views of the members of the West Bitung SDA Church on Sabbath observance. The research method used in this research is the implication descriptive method. In analyzing the results of the questionnaire from 270 respondents using descriptive statistical methods. The topics analyzed and discussed in terms of Sabbath observance are understanding the doctrine and practice of Sabbath observance. The conclusions obtained in this study based on the results of the analysis are that in terms of understanding the doctrine, the members of the SDA in the West Bitung area have a conservative view; while for the practice of keeping the Sabbath, the members of the SDA Church in West Bitung have a moderate view. Keywords: Sabbath, Conservative, Moderate, SDA, West Bitung. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2024-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1223 10.31154/ktr.v4i2.1223.146-170 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024): Klabat Theological Review; 146-170 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v4i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1223/966 Copyright (c) 2024 Randy Masengi, Edwin Lumingkewas

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‘DO NOT QUENCH THE SPIRIT AND DO NOT REJECT PROPHECIES:’ Analysis of 1 Thessalonians 5:16–22 Tuyishime, Innocent Hatekimana Watopa, James Jonah Holy Spirit prophecies prayer joy thanksgiving faith The Epistle to the Thessalonians points out some salient moral exhortations. It directs believers to a Christ-centered life. This study scrutinizes 1 Thessalonians 5:16–22, particularly the relevance of Paul’s use of negative commands: “Do not quench the Spirit, nor rejecting prophecies.’ Paul’s prohibition to the Thessalonians not to put out the Spirit might be because of deceptions that were used by false messengers to divert their attention from the truth. This Holy Spirit would enable them to distinguish truth from deception. In addition, some take “prophecies” in the plural as referring to spiritual gifts and others as prophetic utterances. The study suggests that Paul probably had the two views in mind when he addressed himself to the Thessalonians. In addition, the research envisages highlighting the relevance of the two negatives in understanding the Epistle. This study, which includes historical context, literary analysis, and keyword examination, aims to elucidate the theological implications of the text for contemporary Christian practice in this postmodern context. Keywords: Holy Spirit, prophecies, prayer, joy, thanksgiving, and faith. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2024-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1224 10.31154/ktr.v4i2.1224.171-186 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024): Klabat Theological Review; 171-186 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v4i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1224/967 Copyright (c) 2024 Innocent Hatekimana Tuyishime, James Jonah Watopa

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IF JESUS IS GOD IN THE FLESH, WHY DID HE NOT KNOW HIS COMING: MARK 13:32 Woy, Jones Ted Lauda Sepang, Douglas Edward Christological Theological Judgment Temple This study explores the Christological and theological significance of Mark 13:32, where Jesus states that the timing of His return is known only by the Father. Mark 13, the Gospel's longest discourse, presents an apocalyptic vision centered on the destruction of the temple and final judgment. Scholars highlight the disciples’ reverence for the temple and Jesus’ prophetic response, linking historical events with eschatological hope. The passage raises critical questions regarding Jesus’ divine and human knowledge. Through a Historical-Grammatical analysis, this research clarifies the theological implications of Christ’s dual nature, offering insights relevant to pastors, church leaders, and theological studies.   Keywords: Christological, Theological, Judgment, and Temple. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2025-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1351 10.31154/ktr.v5i1.1351.1-12 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): Klabat Theological Review; 1-12 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v5i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1351/1029 Copyright (c) 2025 Douglas Edward Sepang

oai:ojs2.localhost:article/1352 2025-12-14T04:51:00Z ktr:ART

The Understanding of Covenant in The Book of Jeremiah: An Exegetical Study of Jeremiah 11:2-5 Gosal, Fellix Covenant Jeremiah 11 Mosaic Covenant Exegesis Blessings and Curses Divine Punishment Oath Idolatry Disobedience Theological Implications This study examines the theological, historical, and literary aspects of the covenant concept found in Jeremiah 11:2–5. Using the Mosaic Covenant as the backdrop for Jeremiah 11, the study highlights the covenant's provisions for benefits for obedience and punishments for disobedience, as well as its relationship to the book of Deuteronomy. The passage emphasizes how Judah's idolatry and disobedience caused the covenant to break down, resulting in unavoidable divine judgment. The study employs an exegetical methodology to examine the text's delimitation, literary structure, historical context, and theological implications. The results show that the covenant in Jeremiah 11 is a divine order based on an oath rather than just an agreement, and that disobedience will result in curses like calamity and unanswered prayers. The fact that God is still the covenant's creator and guarantor in spite of human failure emphasizes His power to renew it. According to the study's findings, the covenant establishes and preserves the bond between God and His people, with disobedience resulting in punishment and obedience bringing prosperity.   Keywords: Covenant, Jeremiah 11, Mosaic Covenant, Exegesis, Blessings and Curses, Divine Punishment, Oath, Idolatry, Disobedience, Theological Implications. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2025-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1352 10.31154/ktr.v5i1.1352.13-34 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): Klabat Theological Review; 13-34 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v5i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1352/1030 Copyright (c) 2025 Fellix Gosal

oai:ojs2.localhost:article/1353 2025-12-14T04:51:00Z ktr:ART

The Role of The Holy Spirit in Acts 1:8 Woy, Jones Ted Lauda Holy Spirit Equipping Witness Ministry Mission This research explores the significance of the Holy Spirit in Acts 1:8, emphasizing Luke’s theological portrayal of the Spirit as the source of power for the early Christian witness. Through a detailed examination of the Acts narrative and engagement with scholarly perspectives, the study underscores the Holy Spirit’s essential role in equipping the disciples for gospel proclamation. The analysis centers on two key theological inquiries: (1) How does Luke define the identity of the Holy Spirit? and (2) What function does the Spirit fulfill within the early Church? Utilizing the historical-grammatical method of interpretation, the study draws on scriptural texts and academic resources. The research aims to contribute to a deeper theological understanding among pastors, church leaders, and congregants regarding the Holy Spirit’s role in the mission of the early Church as depicted in the New Testament.   Keywords: Holy Spirit, Equipping, Witness, Ministry, and Mission. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2025-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1353 10.31154/ktr.v5i1.1353.43-53 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): Klabat Theological Review; 43-53 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v5i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1353/1032 Copyright (c) 2025 Jones Ted Lauda Woy

oai:ojs2.localhost:article/1354 2025-12-14T04:51:00Z ktr:ART

UNDERSTANDING “LYING SPIRIT” IN 1 KINGS 22:22 Gosal, Fellix Tasane, Fiktor Spirit of Lying 1 Kings 22:23 Sovereignty of God Evil and Righteousness Old Testament Theology This research examines the concept of the "lying spirit" in 1 Kings 22:23 with a focus on its theological meaning and implications for understanding God's sovereignty and justice. In this passage, God is described as allowing a lying spirit to mislead Ahab's prophets as part of divine judgment. This phenomenon raises various questions about God's holy character amidst the use of lies to achieve His will. Through a historical-grammatical approach, linguistic analysis of the word רוּחַ (ruach), as well as a thematic study of divine sovereignty in the Old Testament text, this research finds that God's actions remain consistent with His just and righteous nature. God is not the originator of lies, but remains in His absolute authority, allowing humans to reap the consequences of their rejection of the truth. In addition, this research connects the relevance of this event to the challenges of integrity in a contemporary culture hit by the "post-truth" phenomenon. This research contributes to the study of Old Testament theology by offering a new perspective on the relationship between justice, truth, and divine sovereignty in ancient and contemporary contexts.   Keywords: Spirit of Lying, 1 Kings 22:23, Sovereignty of God, Evil and Righteousness, Old Testament Theology Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2025-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1354 10.31154/ktr.v5i1.1354.54-60 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): Klabat Theological Review; 54-60 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v5i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1354/1033 Copyright (c) 2025 Fellix Ted Lauda Gosal, Fiktor Tasane

oai:ojs2.localhost:article/1355 2025-12-14T04:51:00Z ktr:ART

SPIRITUAL DISCIPLINE OF PRAYER Watopa, James Jonah Prayer unceasing faithfulness Jesus’ prayer transformation and forgiveness Prayer is an essential communication that relates to transcendence.  Every religion in the world must practice prayer in their religious life.  For this reason, this study seeks to explore how important prayer is for every religious believer.  In this study, the method used is document research or library research.  The discussion is based on some legitimate literature to support this issue.   For Christianity, prayer is the breath or opening of contrite hearts to God. This discussion discusses explicitly Jesus' prayer in John 17, which consists of prayer for Himself, His disciples, and all believers. Furthermore, prayer brings all the burdens and purposes of life to God, who is trusted to provide solutions in the form of answers.  Although the answer is not by personal request, it is with faith, believing it is God's answer.  Those who pray diligently and unceasingly are proof of the faithfulness of their faith.  For this reason, prayer is a must element for every religious believer, especially in Christianity.    Keywords:  Prayer, Jesus’ prayer, unceasing, faithfulness, transformation and forgiveness Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2025-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1355 10.31154/ktr.v5i1.1355.35-42 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): Klabat Theological Review; 35-42 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v5i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1355/1031 Copyright (c) 2025 James Jonah Watopa

oai:ojs2.localhost:article/1425 2025-12-14T04:51:00Z ktr:ART

LEADERSHIP INSIGHTS: ANALYZING THE CHURCH LEADERS’S ROLE IN MANAGING GOD’S WORK USING A BIBLICAL AND THEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK Khumalo, Mandla Lindsay Leadership biblical and theological approach Church leaders Jesus Christ Servant-hood This study examined Church leadership, mostly vividly the role of Church leaders in governing the work of God through a Christocentric lens. The Christocentric approach promotes a servant-hood mentality in leadership as opposed to a power and dominance style. This study argues that, true leadership is one that firstly involves a call of the Lord and secondly one that provides guidance, empowering and winning souls to Christ. A biblical and theological framework from a Christian perceptive was used to demonstrate how Church leaders should execute their leadership role in order to advance the gospel of Jesus Christ. The findings of the study support the Servant-hood approach which was implemented by Christ in His ministry. Christ led and taught in humility and was submissive to authority. The role of Church leaders should emulate Christ’s approach in order to render effective and transformational service. The results also reveal that in following a Christ-centred approach, Church leaders can have a positive influence in the Church and in societies. The elimination of self-reliance and exercising full dependence on God can amplify the gospel of Jesus Christ. Keywords: Leadership, biblical and theological approach, Church leaders, Jesus Christ, Servant-hood Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2025-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1425 10.31154/ktr.v5i1.1425.61-72 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): Klabat Theological Review; 61-72 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v5i1 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1425/1040 Copyright (c) 2025 Mandla Lindsay Khumalo

oai:ojs2.localhost:article/1549 2026-04-27T01:10:23Z ktr:ART

WILL THE SOUL SURVIVE THE FIRST DEATH? An Exegetical Study of Matthew 10:28 Woy, Jones Ted Lauda Tauran, Edgar Willem Melko Soul Body Gehenna Immortality Resurrection The statement of Jesus in Gospel of Matthew 10:28—“Do not fear those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul; rather fear him who can destroy both soul and body in Gehenna”—has been central to theological discussions concerning the nature of the soul and the destiny of human beings after death. While the passage has often been interpreted as support for the doctrine of the immortal soul, many modern scholars argue that it primarily concerns eschatological judgment rather than philosophical anthropology. This article analyzes Matthew 10:28 through literary context, Greek syntactical structure, lexical analysis of key terms (psychē and apollymi), comparison with the parallel passage in Gospel of Luke12:4–5, and the concept of Gehenna in Second Temple Judaism. Engaging with scholars such as Oscar Cullmann, Richard Bauckham, and N. T. Wright, the study argues that Matthew 10:28 does not necessarily affirm the inherent immortality of the soul but emphasizes God’s ultimate authority over the final destiny of the whole person. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2025-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1549 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Klabat Theological Review; 73-81 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v5i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1549/1117 Copyright (c) 2025 Jones Ted Lauda Woy, Edgar Willem Melko Tauran http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.localhost:article/1550 2026-04-27T01:10:23Z ktr:ART

THEOLOGICAL MEANING OF PAUL'S STATEMENT "FOLLOW MY EXAMPLE" IN PHILIPPIANS 3:17 -, Enos Ronga, Farel Juan Dino Kagow, Arya Aditya Harwanto, Budi Imitation Paul Philippians 3:17 In Philippians 3:17 the Apostle Paul declares, “Join in imitating me,” a statement that could be perceived as arrogance if detached from its theological context. This study analyzes the theological meaning of this statement and finds that Paul’s example is both derivative and reflective. First, the example is derivative because it is entirely rooted in the example of Christ. Paul’s exhortation cannot be separated from the call to become “fellow imitators” who ultimately imitate Christ. He presents himself as a living example of a life transformed by the truth in Christ, in contrast to false teachers who rely on personal religious superiority (Philippians 3:2, 18–19). Second, this example is reflective because it reflects a pattern of life centered on the cross, the resurrection, and the hope of Christ’s return. Consequently, Paul’s example includes: (1) humility and spiritual striving (Philippians 3:12–14); (2) the supremacy of Christ, which regards all worldly gain as loss (Philippians 3:7–8); and (3) an eschatological outlook oriented toward the heavenly calling (Philippians 3:20–21). Therefore, the theological meaning of “imitate me” is an invitation to live in koinōnia, a shared participation in imitating Christ, with Paul’s life serving as a practical illustration. This statement affirms that true theology must be manifested in a life that can be imitated. In conclusion, Paul’s example functions as a bridge that connects the truth about Christ with its practical application in the life of the church. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2025-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1550 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Klabat Theological Review; 82-93 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v5i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1550/1138 Copyright (c) 2026 Budi Harwanto, Enos -, Farel Juan Dino Ringo, Arya Aditya Kagow http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.localhost:article/1551 2026-04-27T01:10:23Z ktr:ART

SINLESS PERFECTION IN THE LAST GENERATION THEOLOGY: A PERSISTENT ISSUE? Tuyishime, Innocent Hatekimana Watopa, James Perfection Sinless Blameless Spotless in Christ There is an increasing support for the Last Generation Theology teaching about the sinless perfection of believers in the SDAC. The proponents of this movement advocate for this sinless-perfection teaching by using some biblical passages, such as Matt 5:48, 2 Pet 3:14, and 1 John 3:9 to support their position. However, through an in-depth analysis of the above texts, the present study argues that the word translated as “perfection” in Matt 5:48 is teleios and, in this context, is used in connection with love and mercy. The words aspilos and amōmos in 2 Pet 3:14 appear to be related, and for instance, the word amōmos, viewed in terms of its OT background, refers to a life entirely submitted to the will of God. 1 John 3:9 also suggests that the believers continue to grapple with sin as the verb used (poiei) indicates a continuative idea. Such continuity gives the believers the courage to seek Christ’s help and invite Him to dwell in them and them in Him, which then brings forth spiritual growth. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2025-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1551 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Klabat Theological Review; 94-106 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v5i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1551/1119 Copyright (c) 2026 Innocent Hatekimana Tuyishime, James Watopa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.localhost:article/1552 2026-04-27T01:10:23Z ktr:ART

THE ARK OF THE COVENANT (KAABAH): A MORPHOLOGICAL SYNTACTICAL STUDY Woy, Jones Ted Lauda Ark of the Covenant Kaabah Sanctuary Christology Typology This article examines the object popularly referred to in Indonesian Christian discourse as kaabah in relation to the biblical Ark of the Covenant, through a detailed morphological–syntactical analysis of the Hebrew and Greek terms employed in Scripture. It argues that the term kaabah is not biblically derived but represents a later symbolic and cross-cultural adaptation. By analyzing the Hebrew ʾārôn and the Greek kibōtos, the study demonstrates that the Ark functions as the theological center of covenant, divine presence, and atonement within the sanctuary system. The article further situates the Ark within Seventh-day Adventist sanctuary theology, showing its typological fulfillment in the person and heavenly ministry of Christ, as articulated especially in Hebrews 8–9 and Revelation 11. Interaction with major scholarly voices (Milgrom, Beale, Attridge, Lane, and Davidson) supports a Christological and eschatological reading consistent with Adventist theology. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2025-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1552 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Klabat Theological Review; 107-117 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v5i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1552/1120 Copyright (c) 2026 Jones Ted Lauda Woy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.localhost:article/1553 2026-04-27T01:10:23Z ktr:ART

READING THE PSALMS WITH A MISSIONARY MIND Kumar, N. Ashok Watopa, James J. Psalms Mission Theology Worship Messianic Psalms Biblical Missiology Temple Worship Nations Old Testament Theology The Book of Psalms has traditionally been read by Christians as a source of personal devotion, comfort, and encouragement in times of suffering and spiritual reflection. However, its role within the broader theology of mission has often been overlooked. This article examines the missionary implications of the Psalter and explores why the Psalms should be understood not only as expressions of worship but also as instruments of God’s mission to the nations. The study first addresses common objections that the Psalms are directed primarily to Israel and are therefore not concerned with the Gentile world. By examining several psalms that explicitly call the nations to worship the God of Israel, the article demonstrates that the Psalter contains a significant universal dimension. The study then highlights two central themes that shape the missionary theology of the Psalms: worship and the Messiah. Worship in the temple functioned as a means of proclaiming the greatness of God to the surrounding nations, while the Messianic psalms anticipate a universal reign of the Messiah that extends beyond Israel to all peoples. Finally, the article considers the implications of the Psalms for the contemporary church, arguing that true worship naturally leads to mission and that Christian mission is inseparable from the person and work of the Messiah. The Psalter therefore serves not only as a devotional resource but also as a theological foundation for the church’s participation in God’s redemptive mission to the world. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Klabat 2025-08-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1553 Klabat Theological Review; Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Klabat Theological Review; 118-125 2723-6137 2723-4320 10.31154/ktr.v5i2 eng https://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/ktr/article/view/1553/1121 Copyright (c) 2026 N. Ashok Kumar, James J. Watopa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0